Kalkrieser Berg

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, described as the Varian Disaster (Latin: Clades Variana) by Roman historians, was a major battle between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire that took place somewhere near modern Kalkriese from September 8–11, 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus and their auxiliaries. The alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia. Arminius had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. Teutoburg Forest is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania, and is thus considered one of the most important events in European history. The provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, sometimes collectively referred to as Roman Germania, were subsequently established in northeast Roman Gaul, while territories beyond the Rhine remained independent of Roman control. Retaliatory campaigns were commanded by Tiberius and Germanicus and would enjoy success, but the Rhine would eventually become the border between the Roman Empire and the rest of Germania. The Roman Empire would launch no other major incursion into Germania until Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) during the Marcomannic Wars.Some of the descendants of the vassal kingdoms, like the Suebi (by suzerainty), that Augustus tried to create in Germania to expand the romanitas and the Empire would be the ones that invaded the Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries.

Kalkriese is a village now administratively part of the city of Bramsche in the district of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is on the northern slope of the Wiehen Hills, a ridge-like range of hills, north of Osnabrück. The Kalkrieser Berg or Schmittenhöhe, a hill with a height of 157 m (515 ft), is considered by archaeologists to be the likely site of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (German: Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald, Hermannsschlacht or Varusschlacht), described as clades Variana (the "Varian disaster") by Roman historians, took place in what the Romans called the saltus Teutoburgiensis and has since been identified as Kalkriese in 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. The anti-Roman alliance was led by Arminius, an officer of Varus' auxiliary forces who had acquired Roman citizenship and received a Roman military education. The Romans' saltus Teutoburgiensis (Teutoburg Pass) is taken to refer to the strip of cultivated land with a width of 220 m (720 ft) which lies between the Kalkrieser Berg and a large area of wetland to its north, the great bog of Großes Moor. The passage along the northern slope of the Kalkrieser Berg is a difficult one because of the need to cross many deep brooks and rivulets. Since the start of official explorations in 1988 more than 5,500 Roman objects, mainly pieces of military equipment, have been found in an area covering 17 km2 (6.6 sq mi): The objects include Roman swords and daggers, parts of javelins and spears, arrowheads, sling stones, fragments of helmets, soldiers' boot nails, belts, chainmail hooks, and fragments of armor. Among the most significant items is the earliest known Imperial face-mask. Other items include locks, keys, razors, a scale, weights, chisels, hammers, pickaxes, buckets, finger rings, surgical instruments, seal boxes, a stylus, cauldrons, casseroles, spoons, and amphorae. Jewelry, hairpins, and a disk brooch suggest the presence of women. One of the inscribed objects is a plumb bob with "CHOI", or "C(o)HO(rtis) I", i.e. "property of the first cohort". The other one is a chainmail fastener with the inscription: "M AIUS (cohortis) I (centuriae) FABRICI(i) M AII (cohortis) I (centuriae) FAB(ricii)" ("Marcus Aius of cohort I, centuria of fabricii; property of Marcus Aius of cohort I, centuria of fabricii"). A coin struck to commemorate Augustus's adoption of his grandsons Lucius and Gaius in 2 BC has also been found at Kalkriese. In 2016, an archaeological investigation found eight aurei close together at the site, adding to the seven Roman gold coins previously found and tending to corroborate the identification of Kalkriese as the site of the battle.

Lohne (Oldb) is a railway station located in Lohne, Germany. The station is located on the Delmenhorst–Hesepe railway and the train services are operated by NordWestBahn.

Holdorf (Oldb) is a railway station located in Holdorf, Germany. The station is located on the Delmenhorst–Hesepe railway and the train services are operated by NordWestBahn.

Vechta is a railway station located in Vechta, Germany. The station opened on 1 October 1885 and is located on the Delmenhorst–Hesepe railway. The train services are operated by NordWestBahn. Between Vechta and Lutten railway station, the trains stop at Stoppelmarkt during the market.

The Schleptruper Egge is a hill, 148 m high, in the Bramsche parish of Schleptrup and is part of the Wiehen Hills. To the north is the bog of Großes Moor at a height of about 47 m above sea level (NHN), the Mittelland Canal built in the 20th century and the Bramsche parish of Kalkriese. Immediately east of the Schleptruper Egge runs the A 1 motorway, the so-calle Hanseatic Line (Hansalinie). On the top of the Schleptruper Egge is the mast of the NDR Osnabrück-Engter Transmitter. The long distance path of Hünenweg, managed by the Weser-Ems Wiehen Hills Society (Wiehengebirgsverband Weser-Ems), which runs from Osnabrück to Papenburg, also leads over the Schleptruper Egge.

Osnabrück (German: [ɔsnaˈbʁʏk] ) is a district (Landkreis) in the southwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. With 2,122 km² it is the second largest district of Lower Saxony.

The Großes Moor ("Great Bog") is the proper name for a contiguous region of raised bog between the towns of Damme, Lohne and Vechta and the village of Goldenstedt in the county of Vechta on the one hand, and the villages of Diepholz and Barnstorf in Diepholz and Bramsche in Osnabrück in Lower Saxony on the other, all within Germany.Confusingly, there are two smaller bogs in this region also called Großes Moor; sources that use these name generally refer to be overall region as the "Great Bogs" (Große Moore). One of the two smaller bogs named Großes Moor lies south of Damme; the other east of Vechta. Both are linked by a chain of intermediate bogs east of Steinfeld and Lohne. The entire region consists of partly near-natural areas, former agricultural peat cuttings and raise bog grassland.

Belm is a municipality in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located in the Wiehengebirge, approximately 7 km northeast of Osnabrück, and is therefore part of the city-agglomeration of Osnabrück. It is seated in the middle of the TERRA.vita Nature Park. Two little right tributaries of the river Hase flow through it. The municipality is divided into 5 boroughs: Belm, Powe, Icker, Haltern and Vehrte

Dodesheide is a town in the borough of Osnabrück, Germany; with a population of roughly 7,900 residents it is located to the north-east of the city. Its boundaries are delineated in the north by the Vehrter Landstraße, in the west by the landwehr – a former defensive line around the town consisting of a bank and ditches – in the south by the Sandbach and the Osnabrück-Bremen railway line; the city boundary itself marks its eastern border. It is made up of sections of the former districts of Schinkel and Haste. The district’s most significant building is the Haus Gartlage, a former Jesuit seat which some years ago was converted into residences. Apart from this and a number of farms, most of the developments in the Dodesheide district are from the 20th century. Since the 1950s, the construction of residential space following set construction stages has been systematically encouraged; one notable case is the “Dodeshaus” model building project from the 1960s, focused on the area between Haster Weg and Ellerstraße where primarily bungalows are situated. The eastern part of the district continues to be characterised by the barracks of the British army and the attached soldiers’ residences; their final withdrawal in 2009 led to expectations of extensive structural change in the area. There are two churches in Dodesheide: the Thomaskirche (Protestant) and the St. Franziskus Church (Catholic). At the beginning of the 1970s, the possibility of making Dodesheide the location of the planned University of Osnabrück was discussed; in the end, however, the district of Westerberg was chosen. Its main offices are located at the Schloss Osnabrück (Osnabrück Palace). A remnant of the planning from that time remains in the form of the Dodesheide student residence located on Mecklenburger Straße; with 206 residents it is today the second largest student residence in the town.The traditional perception of the name Dodesheide as linked to “Todesheide” (Death’s Heath) is most likely false. The name is assumed to derive from the Old German proper name “Dodo”: its proper meaning being “Dodos Heide” (Dodo’s Heath).

Widukindland is a district of Osnabrück, Germany. It is situated in the north-east of the city, on the slopes of the Schinkelberg (Schinkel Hill). It arose from the former boundaries of Schinkel. The Freiheitsweg (Freedom Way) and the Heimatweg (Homeland Way) were built in 1922. This settlement north of Bremer Straße was transformed under Nazi rule in the 1930s into a small housing estate area. The zeitgeist of that era remains evident in the names of the district's streets today: for example “Vaterlandsweg” (Fatherland Way), “Kameradschaftsweg” (Comradeship Way), “Sigiburgweg” (Sigiburg Way), “Freiheitsweg” (Freedom Way), “Heimatweg” (Homeland Way), “Sachsenweg” (Saxon Way) and “Cheruskerweg” (Cherusci Way). During the planning stages, it was made sure that every house had a garden to promote self-sufficiency. Since 1977 the area has been home to an important telecommunications tower. The street “Freundschaftsweg” (Friendship Way) was built in 1953. This district, characterised by its prevalence of single-family homes, large gardens and wooded areas, covers an area of 271.1 hectares and is home to about 4,700 people. Good infrastructure is provided for its residents, namely: good public transport links (city bus lines 71, 72, E31 and Nachtbus (night bus) N7) good medical provisions (general practitioner, dentist, pharmacy, HHO treatment centre, ergotherapy practices) a primary school a youth centre (Jugend und Kultur im Widukindland e. V.) two denominational kindergartens and a children's store a Lutheran parish (Timotheus) a Catholic parish (St. Boniface) two sports clubs (TSV Widukindland, VfB Schinkel) local shops (bakery, fishmonger, florist etc.) service providers (garages, banks/savings banks, driving schools, hairdressers, beauticians, furniture dealerships, sanitary fitters) various restaurants (traditional/local, Japanese, Chinese, Italian) The Schinkelberg green belt and the Gartlage, along with several meadows and fields, give residents good opportunities for recreation. The district derives its name from the legendary Saxon duke Wittekind. Many of its streets and open spaces bear the names of notable Saxon tribes and also local personages.

Wallenhorst is a municipality in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Wiehengebirge, approx. 10 km north of Osnabrück. The New St. Alexander Church serves as a reference height for all other heights in the German Mean Height Reference System (Normalhöhennull).