Osnabrück (district)

Belm is a municipality in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located in the Wiehengebirge, approximately 7 km northeast of Osnabrück, and is therefore part of the city-agglomeration of Osnabrück. It is seated in the middle of the TERRA.vita Nature Park. Two little right tributaries of the river Hase flow through it. The municipality is divided into 5 boroughs: Belm, Powe, Icker, Haltern and Vehrte

The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück) (German: Hochstift Osnabrück; Fürstbistum Osnabrück, Bistum Osnabrück) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1225 until 1803. It should not be confused with the Diocese of Osnabrück (German: Bistum Osnabrück), which was larger and over which the prince-bishop exercised only the spiritual authority of an ordinary bishop. It was named after its capital, Osnabrück. The still-extant Diocese of Osnabrück, erected in 772, is the oldest see founded by Charlemagne, in order to Christianize the conquered stem-duchy of Saxony. The episcopal and capitular temporal possessions of the see, originally quite limited, grew in time, and its prince-bishops exercised an extensive civil jurisdiction within the territory covered by their rights of Imperial immunity. The Prince-Bishopric continued to grow in size, making its status during the Reformation a highly contentious issue. The Peace of Westphalia left the city bi-confessional and had the Prince-Bishops alternate between Catholic and Protestant. The bishopric was dissolved in the German Mediatisation of 1803, when it was incorporated into the neighboring Electorate of Hanover. The see, the chapter, the convents and the Catholic charitable institutions were secularized. The territory of the see passed to Prussia in 1806, to the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, to Napoleonic France in 1810, and back to Hanover in 1814. With the end of the prince-bishopric, the future of the diocese became unclear. Klemens von Gruben, titular Bishop of Paros in Greece, was made vicar apostolic of Osnabrück, and as such cared for the spiritual interests of the Catholic population. The ordinary Latin (Roman) Catholic episcopacy was restored in 1824, but henceforth the bishops would no longer wield any temporal power.

Ostercappeln is a municipality in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Wiehengebirge, approx. 15 km northeast of Osnabrück. The municipality is made up of three villages, Ostercappeln, Venne and Schwagstorf, along the Bundesstraße 218. Ostercappeln is the location of the St. Raphael hospital, which serves a general hospital for the surrounding municipalities and as a center for pulmonary diseases for the district.

The Schelenburg is a water castle in Schledehausen, municipality of Bissendorf, Lower Saxony, Germany. Built in the Weser Renaissance style, it is one of the oldest castles of the Osnabrücker Land.

Darum/Gretesch/Lüstringen is a district of the city of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the east of the city and is made up of these three localities, as well as land from within the former boundaries of Schinkel. It is home to a Protestant and a Catholic church – respectively the Petruskirche (St. Peter’s Church) and the Marienkirche (St. Mary’s Church). There also used to be a railway station in this district – Osnabrück-Lüstringen, which was located on the Osnabrück–Hannover line and operated until 1978. The district is situated on the Route of Megalithic Culture.

Lohne (Oldb) is a railway station located in Lohne, Germany. The station is located on the Delmenhorst–Hesepe railway and the train services are operated by NordWestBahn.

Wissingen is a railway station located in Wissingen, municipality Bissendorf, Germany. The station is located on the Löhne-Rheine railway. The train services are operated by WestfalenBahn.

The Ahler Bruchgraben (also: Ahler Bruchbach) is a left tributary of the River Else in the northeast of the German federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. The stream is part of the Weser basin and drains a small area of the Ravensberg Hills (Ravensberger Hügelland).

Widukindland is a district of Osnabrück, Germany. It is situated in the north-east of the city, on the slopes of the Schinkelberg (Schinkel Hill). It arose from the former boundaries of Schinkel. The Freiheitsweg (Freedom Way) and the Heimatweg (Homeland Way) were built in 1922. This settlement north of Bremer Straße was transformed under Nazi rule in the 1930s into a small housing estate area. The zeitgeist of that era remains evident in the names of the district's streets today: for example “Vaterlandsweg” (Fatherland Way), “Kameradschaftsweg” (Comradeship Way), “Sigiburgweg” (Sigiburg Way), “Freiheitsweg” (Freedom Way), “Heimatweg” (Homeland Way), “Sachsenweg” (Saxon Way) and “Cheruskerweg” (Cherusci Way). During the planning stages, it was made sure that every house had a garden to promote self-sufficiency. Since 1977 the area has been home to an important telecommunications tower. The street “Freundschaftsweg” (Friendship Way) was built in 1953. This district, characterised by its prevalence of single-family homes, large gardens and wooded areas, covers an area of 271.1 hectares and is home to about 4,700 people. Good infrastructure is provided for its residents, namely: good public transport links (city bus lines 71, 72, E31 and Nachtbus (night bus) N7) good medical provisions (general practitioner, dentist, pharmacy, HHO treatment centre, ergotherapy practices) a primary school a youth centre (Jugend und Kultur im Widukindland e. V.) two denominational kindergartens and a children's store a Lutheran parish (Timotheus) a Catholic parish (St. Boniface) two sports clubs (TSV Widukindland, VfB Schinkel) local shops (bakery, fishmonger, florist etc.) service providers (garages, banks/savings banks, driving schools, hairdressers, beauticians, furniture dealerships, sanitary fitters) various restaurants (traditional/local, Japanese, Chinese, Italian) The Schinkelberg green belt and the Gartlage, along with several meadows and fields, give residents good opportunities for recreation. The district derives its name from the legendary Saxon duke Wittekind. Many of its streets and open spaces bear the names of notable Saxon tribes and also local personages.

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, described as the Varian Disaster (Latin: Clades Variana) by Roman historians, was a major battle between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire that took place somewhere near modern Kalkriese from September 8–11, 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus and their auxiliaries. The alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia. Arminius had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. Teutoburg Forest is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania, and is thus considered one of the most important events in European history. The provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, sometimes collectively referred to as Roman Germania, were subsequently established in northeast Roman Gaul, while territories beyond the Rhine remained independent of Roman control. Retaliatory campaigns were commanded by Tiberius and Germanicus and would enjoy success, but the Rhine would eventually become the border between the Roman Empire and the rest of Germania. The Roman Empire would launch no other major incursion into Germania until Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) during the Marcomannic Wars.Some of the descendants of the vassal kingdoms, like the Suebi (by suzerainty), that Augustus tried to create in Germania to expand the romanitas and the Empire would be the ones that invaded the Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries.

Kalkriese is a village now administratively part of the city of Bramsche in the district of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is on the northern slope of the Wiehen Hills, a ridge-like range of hills, north of Osnabrück. The Kalkrieser Berg or Schmittenhöhe, a hill with a height of 157 m (515 ft), is considered by archaeologists to be the likely site of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (German: Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald, Hermannsschlacht or Varusschlacht), described as clades Variana (the "Varian disaster") by Roman historians, took place in what the Romans called the saltus Teutoburgiensis and has since been identified as Kalkriese in 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. The anti-Roman alliance was led by Arminius, an officer of Varus' auxiliary forces who had acquired Roman citizenship and received a Roman military education. The Romans' saltus Teutoburgiensis (Teutoburg Pass) is taken to refer to the strip of cultivated land with a width of 220 m (720 ft) which lies between the Kalkrieser Berg and a large area of wetland to its north, the great bog of Großes Moor. The passage along the northern slope of the Kalkrieser Berg is a difficult one because of the need to cross many deep brooks and rivulets. Since the start of official explorations in 1988 more than 5,500 Roman objects, mainly pieces of military equipment, have been found in an area covering 17 km2 (6.6 sq mi): The objects include Roman swords and daggers, parts of javelins and spears, arrowheads, sling stones, fragments of helmets, soldiers' boot nails, belts, chainmail hooks, and fragments of armor. Among the most significant items is the earliest known Imperial face-mask. Other items include locks, keys, razors, a scale, weights, chisels, hammers, pickaxes, buckets, finger rings, surgical instruments, seal boxes, a stylus, cauldrons, casseroles, spoons, and amphorae. Jewelry, hairpins, and a disk brooch suggest the presence of women. One of the inscribed objects is a plumb bob with "CHOI", or "C(o)HO(rtis) I", i.e. "property of the first cohort". The other one is a chainmail fastener with the inscription: "M AIUS (cohortis) I (centuriae) FABRICI(i) M AII (cohortis) I (centuriae) FAB(ricii)" ("Marcus Aius of cohort I, centuria of fabricii; property of Marcus Aius of cohort I, centuria of fabricii"). A coin struck to commemorate Augustus's adoption of his grandsons Lucius and Gaius in 2 BC has also been found at Kalkriese. In 2016, an archaeological investigation found eight aurei close together at the site, adding to the seven Roman gold coins previously found and tending to corroborate the identification of Kalkriese as the site of the battle.

Holdorf (Oldb) is a railway station located in Holdorf, Germany. The station is located on the Delmenhorst–Hesepe railway and the train services are operated by NordWestBahn.