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USS Lead Superfund Site

Source attributionSuperfund sites in Indiana

The U.S. Smelting and Lead Refinery Inc. site, commonly known as USS Lead, is a superfund site located in East Chicago, which is located in northwest Indiana. The site includes part of the former USS Lead facility along with nearby commercial, municipal, and residential areas. Originally the site was used as a lead ore refinery with the surrounding businesses at the time performing similar operations. Through a history of redlining and racial discrimination brought on by the 1920 Urban Renewal Campaign, it is seen that East Chicago’s minority community is subject to the consequences of the contamination and has led to claims of environmental racism. The primary contaminants of concern for this area are lead and arsenic, both of which when in the human bloodstream, cause numerous health effects. The site is currently undergoing testing and remediation. This Superfund site is broken down into two Operable Units. The first, OU1, has been divided into three zones, these being the public housing complex and residential properties. OU2 includes soil at the former USS Lead facility, as well as groundwater in and around the site.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article USS Lead Superfund Site (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors).

USS Lead Superfund Site
Kennedy Avenue, North Township

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Latitude Longitude
N 41.61755 ° E -87.46355 °
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Kennedy Avenue

Kennedy Avenue
46323 North Township
Indiana, United States
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Calumet (East Chicago)

Calumet is the portion of East Chicago, Indiana located east of the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal and south of Chicago Avenue (Indiana State Road 312). The neighborhood is bisected by the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad. The area west of the tracks is referred to as Calumet proper, or as "West Calumet" (a term also often used specifically for the now-shuttered housing complex at the neighborhood's southwest corner). The area east of the tracks is known as "East Calumet." Like many East Chicago neighborhoods (including Roxana and Marktown), the residential part of Calumet is surrounded entirely by industrial land: the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal to the west, the Chicago Avenue industrial corridor to the north, a Citgo tank farm to the east, and the DuPont site and USS Lead site to the south. Beyond its industrial rim, the neighborhood is bounded by the Grand Calumet River and Hammond's Hessville neighborhood to the south, Southside to the west, Indiana Harbor to the north, and the Gary-Chicago Airport to the east. Notable local attractions include Riley Park, one of the city's largest parks. Riley Park hosts an annual festival known as Calumet Day, which has been held since 1994. The neighborhood is also home to the Carmelite Home for Girls, an orphanage established in 1913 by Maria Teresa of St. Joseph. Many historic churches dot the neighborhood. Calumet was, for decades, one of the only neighborhoods in East Chicago to welcome African American residents, along with New Addition and North Harbor. That legacy continues today; as of 2013, the neighborhood's population was 71% African American, and 30% Hispanic.

Northside (East Chicago)
Northside (East Chicago)

Northside or North Side is a neighborhood in western East Chicago, Indiana. Together with Southside and Roxana, it makes up "East Chicago proper," as distinct from Indiana Harbor. The population is 72% Hispanic and 21% African American. The neighborhood has one of the highest rates of owner-occupied homes in the city. Notable landmarks in Northside include the East Chicago City Hall and Central High School. Northside is bounded on the north by Columbus Drive (United States Route 12) and on the south by the commercial corridor along Chicago Avenue (Indiana State Road 312). To the east, the residential area is bounded by Indianapolis Boulevard; beyond that lies the industrial district along the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal. To the west, Northside adjoins North Hammond. To the north, it is bounded by the Lake George branch of the Canal; beyond that lies a vast industrial district that includes the Whiting Refinery and the East Chicago Confined Disposal Facility. Prior to the 20th century, Northside was a wooded dune and swale area, which saw little settlement during the first years of East Chicago's existence. The neighborhood's first settler was reputedly an agent for the East Chicago Company named John Brennell. In the early twentieth century, Northside became the preferred destination for wealthier, native-born Americans, in contrast to the poorer immigrant residents in other parts of East Chicago. In 1910, 75% of the neighborhood's heads of household were born in the United States, while the remainder largely hailed from England or Wales.The neighborhood was chosen by local elites because it "stood far enough from industry to escape the worst of the noise and pollution," but was still within walking distance of the commercial and industrial centers. The pattern was reinforced by restricted housing developments that promised to sell to "Americans only".The neighborhood attempted to preserve its exclusive status in 1944 by opposing construction of the Sinclair Oil tank farm at the neighborhood's north end, on the south bank of the Ship Canal. Although successful in the local government, the refinery opponents were ultimately defeated in the state courts.