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Halifax Explosion

1917 disasters in Canada1917 fires1917 in Nova Scotia1917 tsunamis20th century in Halifax, Nova Scotia
December 1917 eventsDisasters in Nova ScotiaEvents of National Historic Significance (Canada)Explosions in 1917Explosions in CanadaFirefighting memorialsIndustrial fires and explosions in CanadaMaritime incidents in 1917Maritime incidents in CanadaShip firesUrban fires in CanadaUse Canadian English from March 2016
Halifax Explosion blast cloud restored
Halifax Explosion blast cloud restored

The Halifax Explosion was a disaster that occurred in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the morning of 6 December 1917. SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship laden with high explosives, collided with the Norwegian vessel SS Imo in the Narrows, a strait connecting the upper Halifax Harbour to Bedford Basin. A fire on board the Mont-Blanc led to a massive explosion that devastated the Richmond district of Halifax. 1,782 people were killed, largely in Halifax and Dartmouth, by the blast, debris, fires, or collapsed buildings, and an estimated 9,000 others were injured. The blast was the largest human-made explosion at the time, releasing the equivalent energy of roughly 2.9 kilotons of TNT (12 TJ).Mont-Blanc was under orders from the French government to carry her cargo from New York City via Halifax to Bordeaux, France. At roughly 8:45 am, she collided at low speed, approximately one knot (1.2 mph or 1.9 km/h), with the unladen Imo, chartered by the Commission for Relief in Belgium to pick up a cargo of relief supplies in New York. On the Mont-Blanc, the impact damaged benzol barrels stored on deck, leaking vapours which were ignited by sparks from the collision, setting off a fire on board that quickly grew out of control. Approximately 20 minutes later at 9:04:35 am, the Mont-Blanc exploded. Nearly all structures within an 800-metre (half-mile) radius, including the community of Richmond, were obliterated. A pressure wave snapped trees, bent iron rails, demolished buildings, grounded vessels (including Imo, which was washed ashore by the ensuing tsunami), and scattered fragments of Mont-Blanc for kilometres. Across the harbour, in Dartmouth, there was also widespread damage. A tsunami created by the blast wiped out the community of the Mi'kmaq First Nation who had lived in the Tufts Cove area for generations. Relief efforts began almost immediately, and hospitals quickly became full. Rescue trains began arriving the day of the explosion from across Nova Scotia and New Brunswick while other trains from central Canada and the northeastern United States were impeded by blizzards. Construction of temporary shelters to house the many people left homeless began soon after the disaster. The initial judicial inquiry found Mont-Blanc to have been responsible for the disaster, but a later appeal determined that both vessels were to blame. In the North End, there are several memorials to the victims of the explosion.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Halifax Explosion (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Halifax Explosion
Barrington Street, Halifax Downtown Halifax

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N 44.669166666667 ° E -63.596388888889 °
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Halifax Shipyard

Barrington Street 3099
B3K 5M7 Halifax, Downtown Halifax
Nova Scotia, Canada
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Halifax Explosion blast cloud restored
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Halifax Needham
Halifax Needham

Halifax Needham is a provincial electoral district in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It has existed since 1967, though its boundaries have changed periodically. Halifax Needham encompasses what is largely known as the North End of Halifax. It has been held by members of each of the three major political parties in Nova Scotia at different times. The riding was once the home of Liberal Premier Gerald Regan before going to Progressive Conservative Edmund L. Morris for the majority of the 1980s. Morris served as a Member of Parliament for Halifax under Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker before becoming the Mayor of Halifax. He served in the Provincial Cabinet as Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, Municipal Affairs, Fisheries, and Social Services. When he stepped down in 1988, the Progressive Conservatives lost the seat in that election to Gerry O'Malley, who was unseated from his position as Liberal Minister of Supply and Services in 1998. Maureen MacDonald held the seat from 1998 until 2016. The seat is considered a reasonably safe seat for the NDP, though the 2013 election was close, amid a province-wide swing to the Liberals. It was created in 1966 when Halifax North was divided into three districts, one of which was Halifax City North East. The district was renamed Halifax Needham in 1967. In 2003, it gained an area east of Citadel Hill from Halifax Citadel. In 2013, it lost the area south of Robie Street and east of Young Street to Halifax Chebucto and gained the area north of Bayers Road and east of Connaught Avenue from Halifax Chebucto.

Tufts Cove Generating Station
Tufts Cove Generating Station

Tufts Cove Generating Station is a Canadian electrical generating station located in the Dartmouth neighbourhood of Tufts Cove in Nova Scotia's Halifax Regional Municipality. A thermal generating station, Tufts Cove was constructed in 1965 by Nova Scotia Light and Power Company, Limited, requiring the demolition of part of this historic neighbourhood to locate the facility on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour. The plant replaced the Water Street Generating Station that had been opened by the Halifax Electric Tramway in 1902.Now operated by Nova Scotia Power, a subsidiary of Emera Incorporated, the Tufts Cove Generating Station has a generating capacity of 415 megawatts. Tufts Cove #1 was installed in 1965 with dual fuel capability to burn "Bunker C" heavy fuel oil and coal mined by the Cape Breton Development Corporation. In 1972 Tufts Cove #1 was converted to fire only oil at the same time as Tufts Cove #2 (oil only) was commissioned. Tufts Cove #3 (also oil only) was commissioned in 1976. The sole reliance on fuel oil proved to be an unfortunate decision in the light of the record increase in oil prices throughout the 1970s. The plant property occupies almost 1,000 m (3,300 ft) of shoreline. A docking facility was constructed in 1976-1977 as well as a storage tank. The plant features three distinctive 152 m (500 ft) chimneys, one for each boiler which are tied with those at Lingan Generating Station and Trenton Generating Station as the tallest freestanding structures in Nova Scotia. In 2000, the Tufts Cove plant was re-fitted to burn either oil or natural gas. Emissions from the station in the form of particulates are a frequent source of pollution complaints in the neighbourhood and region, and in the 1990s, NSPI funded a $32 million project to install filters to limit the escape of pollutants. In 2003 and 2004, two 47.3 MW simple cycle natural gas fueled combustion turbine plants were commissioned. Due to low prices in recent years, the entire plant has run largely on natural gas, which has dramatically decreased its emissions profile. A sixth generating unit, a combined-cycle generator was completed in 2011. It uses the heat exhaust of the plant's two combustion turbines and additional natural gas duct firing to generate 50 MW of electricity. The Halifax lateral of the Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline terminates on the property. On February 14, 2021 5 workers were sent to hospital after a fire broke out in a potash container.

Royal Navy Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
Royal Navy Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

The Royal Navy Burying Ground is part of the Naval Museum of Halifax and was the Naval Hospital cemetery for the North America and West Indies Station at Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is the oldest military burial ground in Canada. The cemetery has grave markers to those who died while serving at Halifax and were treated at the Naval medical facility or died at sea. Often shipmates and officers had the grave markers erected to mark the deaths of the crew members who died while in the port of Halifax. The number of burials is estimated at over 400, however, there are only 89 stone markers remaining. There was a register of deaths established in 1860 for the burial ground. As well, surgeons of a ship registered the deaths of crew members, including how the person died and where they were buried. These reports were entered in the official register, with a detailed account sent quarterly to the Medical Director-General, Admiralty, England. There is no local record of who is buried. The four most common causes of death in order are: disease, falling from the topmast, drowning, and death as a result of naval battles. Along with two monuments that commemorate casualties of the War of 1812, the most prominent markers are for the crew that died on the flagships of the North American and West Indies Station: HMS Winchester (1841), HMS Wellesley (1850), HMS Cumberland (1852), HMS Indus (1859), HMS Nile (1861), HMS Duncan (1866), and HMS Royal Alfred (1869). There were many buried during the wars of the 18th century (American Revolution, French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars) that do not have grave markers.