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Bazacle

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Toulouse 2012 03 26 Bazacle 2
Toulouse 2012 03 26 Bazacle 2

The Bazacle is a structure in and on the banks of the River Garonne in the French city of Toulouse. It originated as a ford across the river Garonne, used from the 12th century onwards. The name bazacle comes from the Latin word vadaculum, meaning "little ford". The first bridge across the Garonne was built here, where the water was shallowest. In 1190, with the permission of comte Raymond V of Toulouse, a sort of dam, the chaussée, and adjacent mills were built. These mills were cited by Rabelais in the sixteenth century as being the most powerful in the world. In about 1250, the original undertaking was underwritten by a group of local seigneurs, who shared the profits according to the number of shares they possessed. The shares of this society (the Société des Moulins du Bazacle, or Bazacle Milling Company) came to be traded on the open market in Toulouse and their value fluctuated according to the profitability of the mills. The company survived until 1946 when it was nationalized and is sometimes claimed as the earliest example of a Joint-stock company.A hydroelectric power station was built in 1890 on the same spot to supply Toulouse with electricity. In 1946, Électricité de France bought the plant. Both old and modern turbines can be viewed in working state to this day. There is a fish ladder in the river, allowing fish to swim through.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Bazacle (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Bazacle
Promenade du Bazacle, Toulouse Toulouse Centre

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Latitude Longitude
N 43.60436 ° E 1.43206 °
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EDF Bazacle

Promenade du Bazacle
31000 Toulouse, Toulouse Centre
Occitania, France
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Toulouse 2012 03 26 Bazacle 2
Toulouse 2012 03 26 Bazacle 2
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Toulouse School of Economics
Toulouse School of Economics

Toulouse School of Economics (TSE; French: École d'économie de Toulouse) is a school of economics, affiliated with Toulouse 1 Capitole University, a constituent college of the Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées. It is located in the city of Toulouse, France. The Toulouse School of Economics offers both undergraduate degrees (licence) and master's degrees, in a variety of fields related but not limited to economics such as data science, statistics and mathematical economics. TSE also has a PhD program with two years of coursework, in the style of American PhD programs in economics. Many of the faculty members are fellows of the Econometric Society and the European Economic Association. TSE scholars have also received numerous national and international awards, including the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the CNRS Gold Medal, the highest scientific honor in France (both Jean Tirole in 2007 and 2014), and the Yrjö Jahnsson Award, granted every two years to the best European economist under 45 (Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole in 2003, Gilles Saint-Paul in 2007). TSE is consistently ranked among the very best in Europe in rankings based on quality-weighted publications. According to RePEc, TSE was ranked the 8th most productive research department of economics in the world and the 2nd in Europe by February 2023.Classes are taught in both French and English. Currently, the school has around 2400 students from over 90 nationalities and 150 full faculty members. In 2014, the then chairman Professor Jean Tirole was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation. In 2007, the French government and the Academy of Sciences chose TSE as one of 13 "Réseaux Thématiques de Recherche Avancée" (RTRA) across all fields, enabling the creation of a private foundation, the Jean-Jacques Laffont Foundation, which serves to foster world class research in economics and related social sciences at TSE. Its research department is also affiliated with the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and the École Polytechnique. TSE researchers have developed strong relationships with economic actors as regulators, corporations and other various institutions. They take an active part in policy-making in France (The French Council of Economic Advisors) as well as for a variety of institutions in Europe (The European Commission) and the rest of the world.