Denfert-Rochereau station

Denfert-Rochereau (French pronunciation: ​[dɑ̃fɛʁ ʁɔʃʁo]) is a station on the Paris Métro in France. An adjacent station with the same name is served by RER B.

The Catacombs of Paris (French: Catacombes de Paris, pronunciation ) are underground ossuaries in Paris, France, which hold the remains of more than six million people in a small part of a tunnel network built to consolidate Paris' ancient stone quarries. Extending south from the Barrière d'Enfer ("Gate of Hell") former city gate, this ossuary was created as part of the effort to eliminate the city's overflowing cemeteries. Preparation work began shortly after a 1774 series of Saint Innocents-cemetery-quarter basement wall collapses added a sense of urgency to the cemetery-eliminating measure, and from 1786, nightly processions of covered wagons transferred remains from most of Paris' cemeteries to a mine shaft opened near the Rue de la Tombe-Issoire. The ossuary remained largely forgotten until it became a novelty-place for concerts and other private events in the early 19th century; after further renovations and the construction of accesses around Place Denfert-Rochereau, it was opened to public visitation from 1874. Since 2013, the Catacombs number among the fourteen City of Paris Museums managed by Paris Musées. Although the ossuary comprises only a small section of the underground "carrières de Paris" ("quarries of Paris"), Parisians currently often refer to the entire tunnel network as the catacombs.

The Barrière d'Enfer (English: Gate of Hell) is a pair of tollhouses that once served as a gate through the Wall of the Farmers-General (Mur des Fermiers généraux) at the current location of the Place Denfert-Rochereau.

The Collège Sévigné is a French non-denominational private school. The school was founded in 1880 by Mathilde Salomon, becoming the first French non-denominational high school for young women, two months before the vote of the "Camille Sée" law establishing public secondary education for young women, and three years before the opening of the Lycée Fenelon. The founders, grouped in an association called "Société pour la propagation de l'instruction parmi les femmes", included Paul Bert (1833–1886), former Minister for Education, and a militant for Public Education. The school became co-educational in 1969. Collège Sévigné was also the first school in France to open a kindergarten, in 1909. Famous contributors to the education program at the school have been Alain, Gurvitch, Jankelevitch, Dumezil, Braudel, Mounier, Carcopino, Merleau-Ponty, Jacqueline de Romilly. The school is only one of three non-denominational private schools in Paris. The school is located on 28 Rue Pierre-Nicole in the 5th arrondissement. Collège Sévigné offers classes from kindergarten to the Baccalaureat.

Place Denfert-Rochereau, previously known as Place d'Enfer, is a public square located in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, France, in the Montparnasse district, at the intersection of the boulevards Raspail, Arago, and Saint-Jacques, and the avenues René Coty, Général Leclerc, and Denfert-Rochereau, as well as the streets Froidevaux, Victor-Considérant and de Grancey. It is one of the largest and most important squares on the left bank of the Seine. The square is named after Pierre Denfert-Rochereau, the French commander who organized the defense at the siege of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). It is dominated by the Lion of Belfort statue (a smaller version of the original in the town of Belfort) by Frédéric Bartholdi. The square is the location of the Paris Catacombs museum. It is frequently the place where demonstrations and protest marches in Paris either start or end. The square is also the place depicted on the backdrop at the beginning of the third act of La Bohème by Puccini.

Mouton-Duvernet (French pronunciation: ​[mutɔ̃ dyvɛʁnɛ]) is a Paris Métro station on line 4 in Paris' 14th arrondissement.

Saint-Jacques (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃ ʒak]) is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. It serves Place Saint-Jacques in the 14th arrondissement. The Boulevard Saint-Jacques and Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques also intersect the square. It is one of only a few Métro stations that have a combined entrance and ticket hall at street-level.

The École Camondo is a five-year private school of product design and interior architecture located in Paris, France, which was created in 1944 and was recognized by the French Ministry of Education in 1989. It is named after the Camondo family, a European family of Jewish financiers and philanthropists.

The Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, known simply as the Fondation Cartier, is a contemporary art museum located at 261 boulevard Raspail in the 14th arrondissement of the French capital, Paris.

The Paris Observatory (French: Observatoire de Paris French pronunciation: ​[ɔbsɛʁvatwaʁ də paʁi]), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris. The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.

The École spéciale d'architecture (ÉSA; formerly École centrale d'architecture) is a private school for architecture at 254, boulevard Raspail in Paris, France. The school was founded in 1865 by engineer Emile Trélat as reaction against the educational monopoly of Beaux-Arts architecture. It was endorsed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who had abandoned his attempts to reform the École des Beaux-Arts, and who became one of its original stockholders, along with other notables including Ferdinand de Lesseps, Anatole de Baudot, Eugène Flachat, Dupont de l'Eure, Jean-Baptiste André Godin, and Émile Muller. Even at its beginning it included innovative courses such as domestic hygiene and urban public health. It was officially recognized as providing "public utility" in 1870, and recognized by the state as an institution of higher education in 1934. Today, the school issues the Architecte DE degree awarding a master's degree in architecture, and the Architecte DESA, HMONP degree, recognized by the European Union allowing architects to open their own architectural practice, and is organized into five departments: Architecture and Environment Visual Arts and Representation History and Human Science Building Science and Technology Computer applications and Communications.It is a "free school" governed in part by its students and alumni. Major decisions are taken by the administrative council and the general assembly consisting of students, alumni, teaching staff and administrators. It has an international exchange student program with the Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design, in California, United States, and with the University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, in Ohio, United States. Notable students and staff include Ricardo Larraín Bravo, Pierre Karkar, Albert Besson, Jon Condoret, Jules Dormal Godet, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Farah Pahlavi, Auguste Perret, Henri Prost, René Sergent, Paul Virilio and Christian de Portzamparc.

Arago telescope (Lunette Arago) is a 38 cm (15 inch) aperture refracting telescope at Paris Observatory, installed in 1857. Francois Arago ordered this telescope from the telescope making firm Lebreours in 1839, and after a protracted development was completed by 1855. The name Lunette Arago (Arago refractor) is a modern name for the telescope, and other large refractor of Paris observatory, is the one at Meudon. It has gone by a variety of names having to do with various aspects of the telescope, such as its aperture, or location on the East tower of the Paris observatory, or its equatorial mount made by Brunner. In one journal report it was called the 'east equatorial' for example, in another instance '38 cm refractor'. In French language it has been called the La lunette équatoriale de 38 cm de l'Observatoire de Paris.The telescope had an objective lens 14 pouces across, which is a name for Paris Inches; this works out to about 38 cm (14.96 (usually rounded to 15) English inches). The original objective was completed by Lerebours by 1844. The equatorial mounting made by Brunner was delivered in 1859. The clock drive for the equatorial was made by Breguet.The equatorial mounting was not ordered until early 1850s, after the new dome work, completed in 1847, had been finished. The floor of the dome was also designed to move. The telescope was installed in the new east dome built for it, on top of the Paris Observatory building.There was some issue with the lens, and it was re-polished in 1874. In the early 1880s a new objective lens was installed, made by the Henry Brothers. Also the dome and mounting were modified at that time, including replacing an earlier wooden tube with one of iron.The telescope is known to have been used for observing double stars, minor planets (asteroids), and also some photographic astronomy in the late 19th century. When it made its debut in the late 1850s, it was noted for its 38 cm (15 inch) Lerebours objective, Brunner mount, and there was some discussion over its use for astro photography.This telescope is noted for its photometric observations of the Galilean Satellites (Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede) in the 1880s. Corunu and Obrecht would photometrically detect the eclipses of Jupiter by its moons at Paris Observatory.Some of the photometers it was used with included different types, such as polarizing photometers. Some examples of photometers for the telescope in the late 19th and early 20th century include Photometers R, T, W, and H. Photometer R was a roughly half meter long brass tube, 5 cm in diameter with two prisms inside. The prisms were made of quartz. Photometer T on the other hand had a drum 12.5 cm in diameter and over 17 cm long.On June 23, 1878 the East Equatorial of Paris Observatory (the Arago) was first used for photometric detection of an eclipse of Jupiter's moons. The telescope was also used to photometrically study double stars with Photometer H.A Nicol prism was used at the eyepiece for certain instrumentation setups.Over 1800 double stars were observed with the 38 cm of Paris Obs. between 1966 and 1971.The telescope was used for PHEMU85 . PHEMU85 was international astronomical collaboration to view the moons of Jupiter in 1985.The Paris Observatory building was significantly modified to support the weight of the new telescope and dome, and modifications included a new cement support structure and a steel lattice to hold the new telescope.