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Place Denfert-Rochereau

Buildings and structures in the 14th arrondissement of ParisSquares in Paris
P1150548 Paris XIV place Denfert Rochereau rwk
P1150548 Paris XIV place Denfert Rochereau rwk

Place Denfert-Rochereau, previously known as Place d'Enfer, is a public square located in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, France, in the Montparnasse district, at the intersection of the boulevards Raspail, Arago, and Saint-Jacques, and the avenues René Coty, Général Leclerc, and Denfert-Rochereau, as well as the streets Froidevaux, Victor-Considérant and de Grancey. It is one of the largest and most important squares on the left bank of the Seine. The square is named after Pierre Denfert-Rochereau, the French commander who organized the defense at the siege of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). It is dominated by the Lion of Belfort statue (a smaller version of the original in the town of Belfort) by Frédéric Bartholdi. The square is the location of the Paris Catacombs museum. It is frequently the place where demonstrations and protest marches in Paris either start or end. The square is also the place depicted on the backdrop at the beginning of the third act of La Bohème by Puccini.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Place Denfert-Rochereau (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Place Denfert-Rochereau
Avenue du Colonel Henri Rol Tanguy, Paris Paris (Paris)

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N 48.83435 ° E 2.3323944444444 °
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Denfert-Rochereau

Avenue du Colonel Henri Rol Tanguy
75014 Paris, Paris (Paris)
Ile-de-France, France
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P1150548 Paris XIV place Denfert Rochereau rwk
P1150548 Paris XIV place Denfert Rochereau rwk
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Denfert-Rochereau station
Denfert-Rochereau station

Gare de Denfert-Rochereau is a railway station in Paris. It was one of the first stations of the French railway network, and is still in use as a station of Paris' RER line B. The station was built from 1842 and opened on 7 June 1846 as the Gare d'Enfer (or Gare de Paris-d'Enfer), after the nearby Place d'Enfer (now called the Place Denfert-Rochereau), itself named after the Barrière d'Enfer. The station building had a circular shape as it possessed a rail loop. Indeed, the station was the Parisian terminus of a line from Sceaux. The Ligne de Sceaux used the Arnoux system (after its inventor), as it required the construction of specific engines capable of travelling on very tight curves and broad gauge tracks of 1,750 mm (5 ft 8+7⁄8 in). The Arnoux system was abandoned in 1891 and the line was converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard) gauge. The line was extended to Luxembourg station in 1895, with the newly created Port-Royal station along the way. At the same time, the station was renamed after Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau. The line was operated by the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans until 1937 when the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer Métropolitain de Paris (CMP) (predecessor of the RATP) took over. It became line B of the RER in 1977 on being extended to meet line A at Châtelet – Les Halles. The station building of Denfert-Rochereau station is the oldest railway building still standing in Paris. Denfert-Rochereau remains a station of line B of the Réseau Express Régional and is an interchange with the métro station of the same name, Denfert-Rochereau.

École Spéciale d'Architecture
École Spéciale d'Architecture

The École spéciale d'architecture (ÉSA; formerly École centrale d'architecture) is a private school for architecture at 254, boulevard Raspail in Paris, France. The school was founded in 1865 by engineer Emile Trélat as reaction against the educational monopoly of Beaux-Arts architecture. It was endorsed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who had abandoned his attempts to reform the École des Beaux-Arts, and who became one of its original stockholders, along with other notables including Ferdinand de Lesseps, Anatole de Baudot, Eugène Flachat, Dupont de l'Eure, Jean-Baptiste André Godin, and Émile Muller. Even at its beginning it included innovative courses such as domestic hygiene and urban public health. It was officially recognized as providing "public utility" in 1870, and recognized by the state as an institution of higher education in 1934. Today, the school issues the Architecte DE degree awarding a master's degree in architecture, and the Architecte DESA, HMONP degree, recognized by the European Union allowing architects to open their own architectural practice, and is organized into five departments: Architecture and Environment Visual Arts and Representation History and Human Science Building Science and Technology Computer applications and Communications.It is a "free school" governed in part by its students and alumni. Major decisions are taken by the administrative council and the general assembly consisting of students, alumni, teaching staff and administrators. It has an international exchange student program with the Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design, in California, United States, and with the University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, in Ohio, United States. Notable students and staff include Ricardo Larraín Bravo, Pierre Karkar, Albert Besson, Jon Condoret, Jules Dormal Godet, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Farah Pahlavi, Auguste Perret, Henri Prost, René Sergent, Paul Virilio and Christian de Portzamparc.

Arago telescope
Arago telescope

Arago telescope (Lunette Arago) is a 38 cm (15 inch) aperture refracting telescope at Paris Observatory, installed in 1857. Francois Arago ordered this telescope from the telescope making firm Lebreours in 1839, and after a protracted development was completed by 1855. The name Lunette Arago (Arago refractor) is a modern name for the telescope, and other large refractor of Paris observatory, is the one at Meudon. It has gone by a variety of names having to do with various aspects of the telescope, such as its aperture, or location on the East tower of the Paris observatory, or its equatorial mount made by Brunner. In one journal report it was called the 'east equatorial' for example, in another instance '38 cm refractor'. In French language it has been called the La lunette équatoriale de 38 cm de l'Observatoire de Paris.The telescope had an objective lens 14 pouces across, which is a name for Paris Inches; this works out to about 38 cm (14.96 (usually rounded to 15) English inches). The original objective was completed by Lerebours by 1844. The equatorial mounting made by Brunner was delivered in 1859. The clock drive for the equatorial was made by Breguet.The equatorial mounting was not ordered until early 1850s, after the new dome work, completed in 1847, had been finished. The floor of the dome was also designed to move. The telescope was installed in the new east dome built for it, on top of the Paris Observatory building.There was some issue with the lens, and it was re-polished in 1874. In the early 1880s a new objective lens was installed, made by the Henry Brothers. Also the dome and mounting were modified at that time, including replacing an earlier wooden tube with one of iron.The telescope is known to have been used for observing double stars, minor planets (asteroids), and also some photographic astronomy in the late 19th century. When it made its debut in the late 1850s, it was noted for its 38 cm (15 inch) Lerebours objective, Brunner mount, and there was some discussion over its use for astro photography.This telescope is noted for its photometric observations of the Galilean Satellites (Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede) in the 1880s. Corunu and Obrecht would photometrically detect the eclipses of Jupiter by its moons at Paris Observatory.Some of the photometers it was used with included different types, such as polarizing photometers. Some examples of photometers for the telescope in the late 19th and early 20th century include Photometers R, T, W, and H. Photometer R was a roughly half meter long brass tube, 5 cm in diameter with two prisms inside. The prisms were made of quartz. Photometer T on the other hand had a drum 12.5 cm in diameter and over 17 cm long.On June 23, 1878 the East Equatorial of Paris Observatory (the Arago) was first used for photometric detection of an eclipse of Jupiter's moons. The telescope was also used to photometrically study double stars with Photometer H.A Nicol prism was used at the eyepiece for certain instrumentation setups.Over 1800 double stars were observed with the 38 cm of Paris Obs. between 1966 and 1971.The telescope was used for PHEMU85 . PHEMU85 was international astronomical collaboration to view the moons of Jupiter in 1985.The Paris Observatory building was significantly modified to support the weight of the new telescope and dome, and modifications included a new cement support structure and a steel lattice to hold the new telescope.