First Republic of Korea

The third Republic of South Korea was the government of South Korea from December 1963 to November 1972. The Third Republic was founded on the dissolution of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction that overthrew the Second Republic and established a military government in May 1961. Park Chung-hee, the Chairman of the Supreme Council, was elected President of South Korea in the 1963 presidential election. The third republic was presented as a return to civilian government under the National Assembly but in practice was a dictatorship under Park, Supreme Council members, and the Democratic Republican Party. The third republic prioritized South Korea's economic development, anti-communism, and strengthening ties with the United States and Japan. Park was re-elected in the 1967 presidential election, and the National Assembly forced through a constitutional amendment to allow him to seek a third term, and he was re-elected in the 1971 presidential election. Park declared a state of emergency in December 1971 and announced plans for Korean reunification in a joint communique with North Korea in July 1972. Park launched the October Restoration in October 1972, declaring martial law, dissolving the National Assembly, and announced plans for a new constitution. The third republic was dissolved on approval of the Yusin Constitution in the November 1972 constitutional referendum and replaced with the fourth Republic of Korea.

Hyehwa-dong is a dong (neighborhood) of Jongno-gu in Seoul, South Korea. It is adjacent to the Seoul National University Hospital.

Between 1910 and 1945, Korea was ruled as a part of the Empire of Japan. Joseon Korea had come into the Japanese sphere of influence with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876; a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials began a process of integrating Korea's politics and economy with Japan. The Korean Empire, proclaimed in 1897, became a protectorate of Japan with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905; thereafter Japan ruled the country indirectly through the Japanese Resident-General of Korea. Japan formally annexed Korea with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, without the consent of the former Korean Emperor Gojong, the regent of the Emperor Sunjong. Upon its annexation, Japan declared that Korea would henceforth be officially named Chōsen. This name was recognized internationally until the end of Japanese occupation. The territory was administered by the Governor-General of Chōsen based in Keijō (Seoul). Japanese rule prioritized Korea's Japanization, accelerated the industrialization started during the Gwangmu Reform era of 1897 to 1907, built public works, and suppressed the Korean independence movement. The public works included developing railroads (Gyeongbu Line, Gyeongui Line, Gyeongwon Line, etc.) and improving major roads and ports that supported economic development. Averages for the annual GNP growth-rate of Chōsen were comparable to those in the Japanese naichi, ranging from 2.3% to 4.2% during the 25 years preceding the Second Sino-Japanese War. By the time of the Pacific War, industrial growth and output in Chōsen approached that of the naichi.Japanese rule over Korea ended on 15 August 1945 with the surrender of Japan in World War II. The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union subsequently occupied this region. Their division of Korea separated the Korean Peninsula into two different governments and economic systems: the northern Soviet Civil Administration, and the southern United States Army Military Government in Korea. These post-war administrative areas were succeeded respectively by the modern independent states of North Korea and South Korea. Japan officially relinquished the claims of Korea in the signing of Treaty of San Francisco on 28 April 1952.In 1965 the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and South Korea declared that previous unequal treaties between both countries, especially those of 1905 and 1910, were "already null and void" at the time of their promulgation.Interpretations of Japanese rule over Korea remains controversial in Japan, North Korea, and South Korea.

The second Republic of Korea was the government of South Korea from April 1960 to May 1961. The second republic was founded during the April Revolution mass protests against President Syngman Rhee, succeeding the first republic and establishing a parliamentary government under President Yun Bo-seon and Prime Minister Chang Myon. The Second Republic ended Rhee's authoritarianism and repression, formed a liberal democracy, and formulated the first Five-Year Plans to develop the neglected economy. The Second Republic's failure to improve South Korea's political and economic issues led to instability, and after thirteen months it was overthrown by the South Korean Army in the May 16 coup led by Park Chung-hee. The second republic was replaced by a provisional military government under the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, leading to the third Republic of Korea. The short-lived second republic was the only government under a parliamentary system in the history of Korea.

Ihwa-dong is a dong, neighbourhood of Jongno-gu in Seoul, South Korea.

Jin A Chun (Korean: 진아춘; Hanja: 進雅春; RR: Jinachun; lit. arrival of a beautiful spring) is a historic Korean Chinese cuisine restaurant in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It is recognized by the Seoul Metropolitan Government as the second oldest operating restaurant in Seoul, having been founded in 1925.

Hyehwa Station is a station on the Seoul Subway Line 4 in Jongno-gu, Seoul. It is located in the center of the area commonly known as Daehangno, and much of the ridership of this station comes from the nightlife scene. The Seoul National University Yongon campus, housing its Hospital and School of Medicine, is located to the southwest. The station was the center of the 2018-2019 Hyehwa Station protest to rally against discrimination of women and spy camera crimes.

Hakrim Dabang (Korean: 학림다방; Hanja: 學林茶房; RR: Hangnim Dabang) is a historic dabang (cafe) on Daehangno in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It opened in 1956, and is considered among the oldest active cafes in South Korea, and the oldest active one in Seoul. The dabang has been frequented by many prominent figures in South Korean culture and the arts. It has featured in South Korean cinema and Korean dramas such as My Love from the Star, and remains a popular spot for both local students and tourists. It was made a Seoul Future Heritage in 2013.

The Museum of Korea Straw and Plants Handicraft is a handicrafts museum in Myeongnyun-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.

Seoul National University Hospital (서울대학교병원) is one of the oldest and biggest hospitals in South Korea. It is a general and teaching hospital of Seoul National University's College of Medicine. Its headquarters are in Yongon-dong, Jongno-gu in Seoul (서울특별시 종로구 연건동). Seoul National University Hospital consists of four branches: Except SNUH Healthcare System Gangnam Center, all branches have an emergency department (ED). SNUH is owned and operated by SNUH Special Corporation, independent from Seoul National University. The South Korean government's Ministry of Education and Human Resources partly supervises management of the hospital.

Munmyo (more specifically Seoul Munmyo or Seonggyungwan Munmyo) is Korea's primary temple of Confucius ("munmyo" is also the general Korean term for a temple of Confucius). It is located in central Seoul, South Korea, at 53 Myeongnyun-dong 3(sam)-ga, Jongno District, on the campus of Sungkyunkwan University. Munmyo houses a shrine to Confucius known as Daeseongjeon, or "Hall of Great Achievement." The main gate leading to the shrine Sinsammun, literally "Spirit Three Gate", is open only on special occasions such as Seokjeon Daeje. The central gate is reserved for the spirit of Confucius and his disciple, and no one else may enter through this gate. Past this gate is the central path that leads to Daeseongjeon, and visitors may not cross this path, especially during a ceremony when the gates are open. The courtyard is used for the Seokjeon Daeje ceremony. Munmyo also contains two other halls (Dongmu and Seomu, east and west hall), two dormitories (Dongjae and Seojae, east and west dormitories), a Confucian lecture hall called Myeongnyundang, a library called Cheonggyeongdang, and Jinsasikdang which is the dining hall.

Marronnier Park (Korean: 마로니에 공원) is a park in the Daehangno district of Seoul. The park was designated on April 29, 1982 and is 5,802 square metres (62,450 sq ft) large.