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Foibe massacres

1943 in Yugoslavia1943 murders in Europe1945 in Yugoslavia1945 murders in EuropeAftermath of World War II in Yugoslavia
Anti-Italian sentimentDeaths by firearm in ItalyDeaths by firearm in YugoslaviaEthnic cleansing in EuropeItalians of CroatiaMass murder in 1943Mass murder in 1945Massacres in 1943Massacres in 1945Massacres in ItalyMassacres in YugoslaviaMassacres of CroatsPolitical and cultural purgesPolitical repression in Communist YugoslaviaPoliticidesWorld War II massacresYugoslav war crimesYugoslavia in World War II
Grotta Plutone from Foibe 2016 by Sharon Ritossa
Grotta Plutone from Foibe 2016 by Sharon Ritossa

The foibe massacres (Italian: massacri delle foibe; Slovene: poboji v fojbah; Croatian: masakri fojbe), or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings both during and after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans and OZNA in the then-Italian territories of Julian March (Karst Region and Istria), Kvarner and Dalmatia, against the local ethnic Italian population (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), as well the ethnic Slovenes, Croats and Istro-Romanians who chose to maintain Italian citizenship, against all anti-communists, associated with fascism, Nazism, and collaboration with the Axis powers, and against real, potential or presumed opponents of Titoism. The type of attack was state terrorism, reprisal killings, and ethnic cleansing against Italians.The Yugoslav partisans intended to kill whoever could oppose or compromise the future annexation of Italian territories: as a preventive purge of real, potential or presumed opponents of Titoism (Italian, Slovenian and Croatian anti-communists, collaborators, and radical nationalists), the Yugoslav partisans exterminated the native anti-fascist autonomists — including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations and the leaders of Fiume's Autonomist Party, like Mario Blasich and Nevio Skull, who supported local independence from both Italy and Yugoslavia — for example in the city of Fiume, where at least 650 were killed after the entry of the Yugoslav units, without any due trial.The term refers to the victims who were often thrown alive into foibe (from Italian: pronounced ['fɔibe]), or into deep natural sinkholes characteristic of the karst regions (by extension, it also was applied to the use of mine shafts, etc., to hide the bodies). In a wider or symbolic sense, some authors used the term to apply to all disappearances or killings of Italian people in the territories occupied by Yugoslav forces. They excluded possible 'foibe' killings by other parties or forces. Others included deaths resulting from the forced deportation of Italians, or those who died while trying to flee from these contested lands. The foibe massacres were followed by the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus, which was the post-World War II exodus and departure of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) from the Yugoslav territory of Istria, Kvarner, the Julian March, lost by Italy after the Treaty of Paris (1947), as well as Dalmatia, towards Italy, and in smaller numbers, towards the Americas, Australia and South Africa. According to various sources, the exodus is estimated to have amounted to between 230,000 and 350,000 Italians (the others being ethnic Slovenes, Croats, and Istro-Romanians, who chose to maintain Italian citizenship) leaving the areas in the aftermath of the conflict.The estimated number of people killed in the foibe is disputed, varying from hundreds to thousands, according to some sources 11,000 or 20,000. The Italian historian, Raoul Pupo estimates 3,000 to 4,000 total victims, across all areas of former Yugoslavia and Italy from 1943 to 1945, with the primary target being military and repressive forces of the Fascist regime, and civilians associated with the regime, including Slavic collaborators. He places the events in the broader context of "the collapse of a structure of power and oppression: that of the fascist state in 1943, that of the Nazi-fascist state of the Adriatic coast in 1945."The events were also part of larger reprisals in which tens-of-thousands of Slavic collaborators of Axis forces were killed in the aftermath of WWII, following a brutal war in which some 800,000 Yugoslavs, the vast majority civilians, were killed by Axis occupation forces and collaborators, with Italian forces committing war crimes. Similar postwar reprisals occurred in other countries, including Italy, where the Italian resistance and others killed an estimated 12,000 to 26,000 Italians, usually in extra-judicial executions, the great majority in Northern Italy, just in April and May 1945.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Foibe massacres (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Foibe massacres
SS14, Trieste Altipiano Est

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Josef Ressel

SS14
34018 Trieste, Altipiano Est
Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
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Grotta Plutone from Foibe 2016 by Sharon Ritossa
Grotta Plutone from Foibe 2016 by Sharon Ritossa
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ELETTRA
ELETTRA

Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste is an international research center located in Basovizza on the outskirts of Trieste, Italy. Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. is a multidisciplinary international research center, specialized in generating high quality synchrotron and free-electron laser light and applying it in materials science. Its mission is to promote cultural, social and economic growth through: Basic and applied research Technical and scientific training Transfer of technology and know-howThe main assets of the research centre are two advanced light sources: the Elettra synchrotron (third generation electron storage ring, working at 2 and 2.4 GeV, in operation since October 1993) and the free-electron laser (FEL) FERMI, continuously (H24) operated supplying light of the selected energy and quality to more than 30 experimental stations on 28 beamlines. Since 1993, Elettra has been subjected to several updated that have allowed a top up operating mode from 2010 for both 2 and 2.4 GeV operational energy. The accumulation ring is formed by twelve groups of magnets forming a ring of 260 m in circumference. The ring beam current at 2 GeV is normally set to 310 mA and the top-up operational mode foresees a new ring injection every 6 min: 1 mA electron in 4 seconds is injected, keeping the ring current constant in the range of 3‰. At 2.4 GeV the beam current is set to 140 mA, and the top-up injections occurs every 20 minutes: in this case, 1 mA electron in 4 s is injected keeping the current level constant to 7‰. At the actual condition, the spectral brightness available on most beamlines is up to 1019 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%bw. The FERMI FEL work in a SRHG method, operating at 2 GeV and producing coherent femtosecond light pulses with variable polarization, in an ultraviolet energy range. The produced optical pulses are characterized by a High peak power (~ GW) delivered to 8 different beamlines. The peak brightness of the FEL sources is expected to go up to 1030 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%bw.These facilities enable the international community of researchers from academy and industry to characterize material properties and functions with sensitivity down to molecular and atomic levels, to pattern and nanofabricate new structures and devices, and to develop new processes. Every year scientists and engineers from more than 50 countries compete by submitting proposals to access and use time on these stations. These are selected by peer-reviewed by panels of international experts on the basis of scientific merit and potential impact, and the winners are granted valuable access time as a contribution to their research. Because of its central location in Europe, Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste is increasingly attracting users from Central and Eastern European countries, where the demand for synchrotron radiation is in continuous growth, and is part of the primary network for science and technology of the Central European Initiative (CEI). The access by researchers from developing countries has tripled over the last few years, and the Indian research community is one of the largest users. Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste has been the coordinator of the EU-supported networks involving synchrotron and free electron lasers in the European area, in the last decade. Such networks promote transnational access, joint research activities and collaborations among the laboratories to improve the overall service offered to European users. The facility, available for use by the Italian and international scientific communities, houses several ultra bright light sources, which use the synchrotron and free electron laser (FEL) sources to produce light ranging from ultraviolet to X-rays. The centre also houses the European Storage Ring FEL Project (EUFELE).

Socerb Castle
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