Socerb Castle

Socerb (pronounced [sɔˈtsɛːɾp] or [ˈsoːtsɛɾp]; in older sources also Sacerb, Italian: San Servolo) is a village in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It lies on the border with Italy and is dominated by the ruins of Socerb Castle, built on a rocky cliff above the village.

Kastelec (pronounced [kaˈsteːləts]) is a settlement in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.The local church is dedicated to the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and belongs to the Parish of Klanec.

Osp (pronounced [ˈoːsp]; Italian: Ospo) is a village in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

Mišja Peč (pronounced [ˈmiːʃja ˈpeːtʃ], Slovene: Mišja peč) is a climbing area located on the Karst Rim in Slovenia. Together with the faces of Osp, the rocky amphitheatre of Mišja Peč forms an almost continuous single climbing area. In recent years this overhang semicircular wall has represented an important challenge to the numerous top climbers who come from all over the world. Recently, quite a few easier routes have been opened in the extreme left part of the crag and to the right of the amphitheatre, which might also attract those climbing in lower grades. The overhangs and stalactites of various forms and sizes offer difficulties from 6b up. Since 1987 the upper end of the grades have been climbed, earning this crag its reputation as the foremost sports climbing area in Slovenia, and among the better climbing areas in Europe.

San Dorligo della Valle (Slovene: Dolina; Triestine: Dolina or San Dorligo) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) southeast of Trieste, on the border with Slovenia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,019 and an area of 24.5 square kilometres (9.5 sq mi).

Gabrovica (pronounced [ˈɡaːbɾɔʋitsa pɾi ˈtʃəɾnɛm ˈkaːlu]; Italian: Gabrovizza) is a settlement near Črni Kal in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It lies below the Črni Kal Viaduct.

The Rosandra Valley (Italian: Val Rosandra, Slovene: Dolina Glinščice) is a valley centered on the Rosandra River (Slovene: Glinščica) in the municipality of Dolina in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, between the city of Trieste and the border with Slovenia. It is also included into a natural park, mostly set around the Rosandra River and the surrounding hills reach an elevation of 412 metres (1,352 ft). The northern end of the valley crosses the Italian-Slovenian border. The Rosandra Valley is part of the Karst geographical region. Tourist attractions in the valley are 40-metre (130 ft) Supet Falls near the village of Botazzo (Slovene: Botač) and Our Lady of Siaris Church (Italian: Santa Maria in Saris) perched high in the hills of the valley.

Beka (pronounced [ˈbeːka]; Italian: Becca) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina in the Littoral region of Slovenia on the border with Italy.The local church is dedicated to Saint Lawrence and belongs to the parish of Klanec.

Tinjan (pronounced [tiˈnjaːn]; Italian: Antignano) is a small village in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Michael.

Stepani (pronounced [ˈsteːpani] or [stɛˈpaːni]) is a small settlement in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.A small church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint James and belongs to the Parish of Predloka.

The foibe massacres (Italian: massacri delle foibe; Slovene: poboji v fojbah; Croatian: masakri fojbe), or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings both during and after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans and OZNA in the then-Italian territories of Julian March (Karst Region and Istria), Kvarner and Dalmatia, against the local ethnic Italian population (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), as well the ethnic Slovenes, Croats and Istro-Romanians who chose to maintain Italian citizenship, against all anti-communists, associated with fascism, Nazism, and collaboration with the Axis powers, and against real, potential or presumed opponents of Titoism. The type of attack was state terrorism, reprisal killings, and ethnic cleansing against Italians.The Yugoslav partisans intended to kill whoever could oppose or compromise the future annexation of Italian territories: as a preventive purge of real, potential or presumed opponents of Titoism (Italian, Slovenian and Croatian anti-communists, collaborators, and radical nationalists), the Yugoslav partisans exterminated the native anti-fascist autonomists — including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations and the leaders of Fiume's Autonomist Party, like Mario Blasich and Nevio Skull, who supported local independence from both Italy and Yugoslavia — for example in the city of Fiume, where at least 650 were killed after the entry of the Yugoslav units, without any due trial.The term refers to the victims who were often thrown alive into foibe (from Italian: pronounced ['fɔibe]), or into deep natural sinkholes characteristic of the karst regions (by extension, it also was applied to the use of mine shafts, etc., to hide the bodies). In a wider or symbolic sense, some authors used the term to apply to all disappearances or killings of Italian people in the territories occupied by Yugoslav forces. They excluded possible 'foibe' killings by other parties or forces. Others included deaths resulting from the forced deportation of Italians, or those who died while trying to flee from these contested lands. The foibe massacres were followed by the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus, which was the post-World War II exodus and departure of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) from the Yugoslav territory of Istria, Kvarner, the Julian March, lost by Italy after the Treaty of Paris (1947), as well as Dalmatia, towards Italy, and in smaller numbers, towards the Americas, Australia and South Africa. According to various sources, the exodus is estimated to have amounted to between 230,000 and 350,000 Italians (the others being ethnic Slovenes, Croats, and Istro-Romanians, who chose to maintain Italian citizenship) leaving the areas in the aftermath of the conflict.The estimated number of people killed in the foibe is disputed, varying from hundreds to thousands, according to some sources 11,000 or 20,000. The Italian historian, Raoul Pupo estimates 3,000 to 4,000 total victims, across all areas of former Yugoslavia and Italy from 1943 to 1945, with the primary target being military and repressive forces of the Fascist regime, and civilians associated with the regime, including Slavic collaborators. He places the events in the broader context of "the collapse of a structure of power and oppression: that of the fascist state in 1943, that of the Nazi-fascist state of the Adriatic coast in 1945."The events were also part of larger reprisals in which tens-of-thousands of Slavic collaborators of Axis forces were killed in the aftermath of WWII, following a brutal war in which some 800,000 Yugoslavs, the vast majority civilians, were killed by Axis occupation forces and collaborators, with Italian forces committing war crimes. Similar postwar reprisals occurred in other countries, including Italy, where the Italian resistance and others killed an estimated 12,000 to 26,000 Italians, usually in extra-judicial executions, the great majority in Northern Italy, just in April and May 1945.

Rožar (pronounced [ɾɔˈʒaːɾ]; Italian: Rosaruolo, Istro-Venetian: Rosariòl) is a small village in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.The local church is dedicated to Saint George and belongs to the Parish of Predloka.