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Outer London Defence Ring

British World War II defensive linesDefence of LondonFortification linesFortifications of LondonUnited Kingdom military stubs
World War II stubs
Pill Box by North Downs Way geograph.org.uk 537183
Pill Box by North Downs Way geograph.org.uk 537183

The Outer London Defence Ring was a defensive ring built around London during the early part of the Second World War. It was intended as a defence against a German invasion, and was part of a national network of similar "Stop Lines". In June 1940 under the direction of General Edmund Ironside, concentric rings of anti-tank defences and pillboxes were constructed in and around London. They comprised: The London Inner Keep, London Stop Line Inner (Line C), London Stop Line Central (Line B) and London Stop Line Outer (Line A). The Outer London Ring was the strongest and best developed of these, mainly because it could be constructed in open countryside. Work on all the lines was halted weeks later by Ironside's successor, General Alan Brooke, who favoured mobile warfare above static defence. The ring used a mixture of natural rivers and artificial ditches up to 20 feet (6 m) wide and 12 feet (4 m) deep, encircling London completely. North of London the ring followed a path similar to the route now taken by the M25 motorway, from Watford, following the River Colne, through Potters Bar, Cuffley, Nazeing, then running south through Epping Forest, Loughton and Chigwell. Many pillboxes and anti-tank traps are still visible at points along the ring, but in the majority of places the ditch is no longer visible, covered by the M25 or London suburbs.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Outer London Defence Ring (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Outer London Defence Ring
BW 114, Mole Valley

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Wikipedia: Outer London Defence RingContinue reading on Wikipedia

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N 51.23 ° E -0.398 °
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BW 114
RH5 6QS Mole Valley
England, United Kingdom
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Pill Box by North Downs Way geograph.org.uk 537183
Pill Box by North Downs Way geograph.org.uk 537183
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Surrey Wildlife Trust
Surrey Wildlife Trust

Surrey Wildlife Trust (SWT) was founded in 1959 as Surrey Naturalists' Trust and it is one of forty-six wildlife trusts covering Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Alderney. SWT carries out conservation activities on a considerable area of Surrey County Council's large countryside estate and also manages land on behalf of the Ministry of Defence estate. As of 2022 the SWT manages more than 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) of land for wildlife and employs more than 100 staff. It had an income of £5.1 million and expenditure of £5.7 million.As of April 2022 the SWT manages sixty-eight nature reserves. Thirty-one are Sites of Special Scientific Interest, nine are Special Protection Areas, eight are Special Areas of Conservation, one is a national nature reserve, twelve are local nature reserves, four are Nature Conservation Review sites, two are Geological Conservation Reviews, five include scheduled monuments and two are listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. Surrey is a county in South East England. It has an area of 642 square miles (1,660 square kilometres) and an estimated population of 1.19 million as of 2017. It is bordered by Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire. Its top level of government is provided by Surrey County Council and the lower level by eleven boroughs and districts, Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley and Woking.