Pacification of Wujek

Wujek Coal Mine (Polish: Kopalnia Wujek, full name in Polish: Kopalnia Węgla Kamiennego Wujek; German: Oheim) is a coal mine in Katowice, Poland. It is widely known in Poland as the place of the massacre of striking miners in 1981 (most often referred to by the euphemism 'Pacification'). Mining operations began in the vicinity as early as the 16th century. The present mine, Oheim, was established in 1899 by a merger of six mining operations existing in Silesia (then a part of Germany). The peak Polish production was in 1979 (3.88 million tons that year). Currently, the Wujek mine produces sub-bituminous coal with a typical energy content of 30000-35000 kJ/kg, volatile content of 30-31%, ash content of less than 5%, and sulfur content of less than 0.6%. The name "Wujek" means "Uncle" in Polish.

Brynów is a district in Katowice, Poland. It is located in the central part of Katowice, south-west of the immediate center, and is divided into two subdistricts: Brynów - Osiedle Zgrzebnioka is the eastern subdistrict with 7,200 inhabitants (in 2002) Brynów - Załęska Hałda is the western subdistrict with 16,800 inhabitants (in 2002)Brynów (German: Brynow) borders the following districts of Katowice: Załęże, Osiedle Paderewskiego - Muchowiec, Śródmieście, Ligota - Panewniki, Piotrowice - Ochojec. Among the landmarks of Brynów are: Kopalnia Wujek, a coal mine known as the place the government of People's Republic of Poland brutally suppressed workers demonstration in December, 1981. Kościuszko Park, the largest park in the city Church of St. Michael Archangel, located in Kościuszko park, is the oldest building in Katowice (from 1510) Parachute tower, the only one in Poland, place of a battle during the Invasion of PolandHistory of Brynów, as a village, goes back to the 15th century. Brynów has its own train station. There are several major roads and a tram line. There are several schools, five churches and three supermarkets in Brynów. A small civilian airport is nearby.

The Silesian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo śląskie; German: Woiwodschaft Schlesien) was an autonomous province (voivodeship) of the Second Polish Republic. The bulk of its territory had formerly belonged to the German/Prussian Province of Silesia and became part of the newly reborn Poland as a result of the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite, the Geneva Conventions, three Upper Silesian Uprisings, and the eventual partition of Upper Silesia between Poland, Germany and Czechoslovakia. The remainder had been the easternmost portion of Austrian Silesia (see Cieszyn Silesia) which was partitioned between Poland and Czechoslovakia following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Polish–Czechoslovak War and the Spa Conference of 1920. The capital of the voivodeship was Katowice.The voivodeship was dissolved on 8 October 1939 following the German invasion of Poland, and its territory was incorporated into the German Province of Silesia. After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, its territory was incorporated into a new, larger Silesian Voivodeship which existed until 1950.

The Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Polish: Górnośląskie Zagłębie Węglowe, GZW, Czech: Hornoslezská uhelná pánev) is a coal basin in Silesia, in Poland and the Czech Republic.The Basin also contains a number of other minable resources, such as methane, cadmium, lead, silver and zinc. Coal depth is approximately 1000 meters, and contains about 70 billion tons, with excellent extraction potential. Industrial areas within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin: Upper Silesian Industrial Region (Polish: Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy, GOP) Rybnik Coal Area (Polish: Rybnicki Okręg Węglowy, ROW) Ostrava-Karviná Coal Area (Czech: Ostravsko-karvinská uhelná pánev)The Upper Silesian Coal Basin lies in the provinces of Upper Silesia and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in southern Poland, in a highland located between the upper Vistula and the upper Oder rivers, as well as extending into the Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic. The Upper Silesian Coal Basin includes the Silesian metropolitan area and has a population of 5,294,000 (with 4,311,000 in Poland and 983,000 in the Czech Republic). Area: 5,400 km² (in Poland - 4,500 km², in Czech Republic - 900 km²).

The Upper Silesian Industrial Region (Polish: Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy, pronounced [gurnɔˈɕlɔ̃skʲi ˌɔkrɛŋk pʂɛmɨˈswɔvɨ], Polish abbreviation: GOP [gɔp]; German: Oberschlesisches Industriegebiet) is a large industrial region in Poland. It lies mainly in the Silesian Voivodeship, centered on Katowice. It is situated in the northern part of Upper Silesian Coal Basin a home of altogether 5 million people (Silesian metropolitan area), the southwest border of the Rybnik Coal Area (Polish: Rybnicki Okręg Węglowy, ROW) and west borders with the Ostrava urban area. Covers 3,200 km² and about 3 million people.The Upper Silesian Industrial Region is located in the province of Upper Silesia and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in southern Poland in a basin between the Vistula and Oder rivers. Upper Silesian Industrial Region is an area with enormous concentration of industry. Dominates here: Mining industry (more than a dozen active coal mines, mainly as Katowicki Holding Węglowy, Kompania Węglowa, JSW,Węglokoks Iron and steel industry (more than a dozen active iron and nonferrous metals) Transport industry (example General Motors Manufacturing Poland and Fiat Auto Poland, Konstal, Bumar Łabędy) The energy industry (more than a dozen plants) Mechanical engineering Chemical industry

The Upper Silesian metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in southern Poland and northeastern Czech Republic, centered on the cities of Katowice and Ostrava in Silesia and has around 5 million inhabitants. Located in the three administrative units (NUTS-2 class): mainly Silesian Voivodeship, a small western part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship and a small east part of Moravian-Silesian Region. The Polycentric metropolitan area lies within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Silesian metropolitan area (5.3 million people) with nearby Kraków metropolitan area (1.3 million people) and Częstochowa metropolitan area (0.4 million people) create a great metropolitan area covering 7 million people.

Brynów-Osiedle Zgrzebnioka (full name: Brynów część wschodnia-Osiedle Zgrzebnioka) is a district of Katowice, located in the central part of the city, within the western district cluster. It borders four other districts: Śródmieście, Osiedle Paderewskiego – Muchowiec, Piotrowice-Ochojec, and Załęska Hałda-Brynów. This district primarily encompasses the eastern part of the historical Brynów municipality, along with the estates established within it, such as Brynów A, Ptasie, and Zgrzebnioka, as well as new housing complexes developed in the area around Ceglana and Meteorologów streets. The first mention of Brynów dates back to 1474, and until the 19th century, it was an agricultural settlement. In 1801, the Beate coal mine was established, and in 1823, the Henriette zinc smelter was founded. With the opening of the Oheim coal mine (later known as Wujek) in 1899, the northern part of the present district, Katowicka Hałda, began to develop rapidly. In 1888, on the grounds of the former Beate mine, a new park complex was being created in a suburban forest, and between 1894 and 1895, Süd Park was established, later renamed Kościuszko Park in 1925. In 1912, the first tram arrived in the area from downtown Katowice, and in 1938, the wooden Church of St. Michael the Archangel was moved to Kościuszko Park. During the Polish People's Republic, new residential estates were built, such as Brynów A, Brynów B (Ptasie Estate), and Zgrzebniok Estate. On 5 February 1990, an ophthalmological hospital was opened in the district, and after 1989, the area around Ceglana Street became a hub for new housing investments. Brynów-Osiedle Zgrzebnioka is a district with a dominant residential and recreational function, along with developed healthcare and administrative-office functions. It is home to one of the two facilities of the Professor Kornel Gibiński University Clinical Center in Katowice. A key cultural point in the district is Park Hall, where various concerts and events are organized, as well as Kościuszko Park, which, aside from its recreational role, serves as a venue for cultural events. The northern boundary of the district is defined by the A4 autostrada, which is part of the European route E40, and key internal roads in the district include Mikołowska, Brynowska, and Tadeusz Kościuszko streets – the latter also hosts a tram line that connects the district with the city center. The area of the district is 4.08 km², which constitutes 2.48% of the city's total area, and at the end of 2020, it was home to 6,384 people (2.34% of Katowice's population).

The Kosciuszko Park, which has existed since 1925, is one of the most famous and frequented parks in Katowice, Poland. It is situated at the street of the same name. Its foundation dates back to 1888 when a municipal park was founded on the 6 ha area of suburban grove. The present area of the park is 72 ha. Its arrangement is influenced by English gardens-parks, which is emphasized by an alley of roses turned to wild. There are flower arrangements on the flower-beds and pergolas and classicistic gardens. After dusk the park is lit by stylish street lamps. In the park there are several structures, such as a commemorative plaque funded for the patron, Tadeusz Kościuszko, by the people of Katowice in 1925. The parachute tower also dates back to that time. It is currently being rebuilt to its height of 40 m; it was erected as a training structure. Not far from it there is a monument commemorating the heroic participation of scouts in the defence of the town against the Nazi invaders in 1939. Two wooden structures, Upper Silesia, a manorial granary from 1688 (burnt in 1970) and the Church of St. Michael Archangel, a wooden church under the invocation of St. Michael from 1510 moved from Syrynia, were placed in the park. The park also houses a permanent gallery of plein-air sculpture, collecting works of famous artists of the region: Zygmunt Brachmanski, Augustyn Dyrda, Joachim Krakowczyk, Piotr Latoska, Jacek Sarapata, Andrzej Szczepaniec. In winter children can use a toboggan track and a ski route. The Soviet soldiers who died in 1945 are also buried there. The Park Hall, erected in the 1950s, is situated opposite the park and holds 3.500 people. At present it is a grocery/supermarket. Nearby there is a military cemetery from the interbellum, and toward the centre there is a sports stadium of the Physical Training Academy.

Church of St. Michael Archangel (Polish: Kościół św. Michała Archanioła w Katowicach) is one of the oldest buildings in Katowice. It's located in Kościuszko Park, where it was moved in 1938 from the village Syrynia, where it was originally constructed in 1510. It is under the invocation of St. Michael. It has end-fitted log framework construction and shingled roof. Free-standing belltower was completed before 1679; it has historic lych-gate and wooden fence around the churchyard.

Katowice Załęże is a railway station in Katowice, located in the Załęże district in southern Poland. The stop, situated on the international E 30 railway line, was built in 1957, with scheduled train services beginning in 1966. Regional trains operated by Koleje Śląskie, traveling towards Częstochowa, Katowice, Lubliniec, and Gliwice, stop at this station.

Parachute Tower in Katowice (Polish: Wieża spadochronowa w Katowicach) is a 35-metre tall lattice parachute tower built in 1937 for training parachute jumps. It was used in the first days of World War II by the 73rd infantry regiment as an observation tower. The parachute Tower in Katowice is the only existing parachute tower in Poland.

Metal Mind Productions (MMP) is a Polish record label founded in 1987. The label focuses on rock and heavy metal. MMP is also publisher of Metal Hammer, the largest and the oldest heavy metal magazine. As a concert agency, it organises Metalmania, the largest heavy metal event in Central–Eastern Europe, and it organised over 1000 concerts, including Monsters of Rock in Poland, 1991. Metal Mind Productions over the years became the subject of criticism from such bands as Malevolent Creation, Enter Chaos, Behemoth and Moonlight among others, for releasing unauthorized records and lack of professionalism. They purchased rights for several albums from Empire Records that include titles from such bands as Totem, Sammath Naur, Dissenter, Deivos, Archeon, Spinal Cord, Demise, Naumachia, and Pyorrhoea. and re-released them in 2007 and 2008 although the musicians were not been informed about the deal and were unable to contact Metal Mind.Metal Mind had a licensing deal with Music for Nations from the 1990s until its closure in 2004. That deal included releases by such bands as Candlemass, Thrasher, Dispatched and Paradise Lost among others. It also had a distribution and licensing deal with Century Media Records that included releases by such bands as Sentenced, Death, Cryptopsy, Arch Enemy, Strapping Young Lad, Jag Panzer, The Gathering, Bloodbath and Massacre among others.In 2006 Metal Mind Productions signed a multi-licensing deal with Roadrunner Records for their back catalogue. The selection of bands included Solitude Aeturnus, Willard, Trojan, Atrocity, Crimson Glory, Front Line Assembly, Violent Force, Acrophet, Amen, Atrophy, Heathen, Realm, Xentrix, Defiance, Disincarnate, Pestilence, Last Crack, Znowhite, Sadus, Toxik, Bulldozer and Gorguts.In 2008 the label signed a similar deal with Nuclear Blast for their back catalogue. The selection of bands include Brutallity, Control Denied, Darkane, Disbelief, Dismal Euphony, Destruction, Theatre of Tragedy, Stormwitch, Darkseed, Disharmonic Orchestra, Gardenian, Primal Fear, Farmer Boys, Horde, Hypocrisy, Impulse Manslaughter, Macabre, Mortification, Night in Gales, Slaughter, Abomination, Warhammer and Winter.On other various licenses Metal Mind Productions released albums by artists such as Ankh, Anvil, Art Rock, Astharoth, Bang Tango, Bank, Blaze Bayley, Believer, Warlock and Wilczy Pająk among others.In 2010 label founder Tomasz Dziubiński died of neoplasm.