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Institut des hautes études de défense nationale

Military academies of France

The Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) (Institute of Advanced Studies in National Defence) is a French public academic institution for research, education and promotion of expertise and sensitization towards defence matters, founded in 1936 by Admiral Raoul Castex. Originally it was the Collège des hautes études de défense nationale and was renamed an institute in 1948. To the original national training sessions were added sessions in the regions (1954), international sessions (1980), economic intelligence cycles (1995), and other targeted seminars. In 1997 the Institute became a public administrative establishment placed under the authority of the Prime Minister. In 2010 it merged with the DGA's (Direction générale de l'armement) Centre des hautes études de l’armement (Centre for Higher Armament Studies (CHEAr)). The Institute is located in the École Militaire. The vocation of the Institute is to train high-level military, government officials and high-ranking executives in defence matters. Some sessions are reserved for young auditors, generally students in the foremost grandes écoles, and under the age of 30. In 2010, the deputy director of the defense college was Robert Ranquet.

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Institut des hautes études de défense nationale
Place de Fontenoy - UNESCO, Paris 7th Arrondissement (Paris)

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N 48.8525 ° E 2.3034 °
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École Militaire

Place de Fontenoy - UNESCO
75007 Paris, 7th Arrondissement (Paris)
Ile-de-France, France
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Monument to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Monument to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

The Monument to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen or Monument des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen in French, is located in Paris, in the Champs de Mars gardens on Avenue Charles-Risler. Commissioned by the City of Paris, it was erected in 1989 on the occasion of the bicentennial of the French Revolution. Inspired by Egyptian mastaba tombs, it includes many references to revolutionary imagery. It is the work of the Czech sculptor Ivan Theimer. The monument is composed of several elements: a freestone square plane construction, opening into an octagonal interior space, lit from above, its external facades are adorned with graven texts, various reliefs and 12 stones inlaid with bronze seals, one for each of the European Community member states in 1989; two bronze obelisks covered with a profusion of finely detailed symbols and texts, including that of the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen; a statue of a man wearing a toga and holding several documents in his hands; the statue of a man inviting onlookers to read the texts carved on the obelisks; the statue of a woman with a child who wears a hat made of newspaper (chronology of the events of 1989);On the southwest façade (closest to the Champs de Mars) are: a triangle; symbol frequently used by Freemasons to evoke the loftiness of human thought; a text commemorating the bicentennial of the French 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is carved in the stone; a sundialOn the northeast facade, nearest rue de Belgrade : a bronze door framed by two columns : numerous reliefs and images of historical documents of the revolutionary period are to be found on the door; an oculus located above the door represents an OuroborosOn the two other facades stones are carved with the names and the seal of each of the 12 capital cities of the European Community member countries in 1989: On the northeast side: Lisboa - Madrid - Paris - Bruss/xelles - London - Dublin On the southeast side: αθήνα - Roma - Luxembourg - Bonn - Amsterdam - KobenhavnThe entire structure is set on an elevated podium two steps above ground level. Bronze fire pots are set on each corner of the podium.