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Pawiak prison

Buildings and structures in WarsawDefunct prisons in PolandHistory of WarsawHolocaust locations in PolandWarsaw Uprising
Warsaw concentration camp
Więzienie Pawiak w 1864
Więzienie Pawiak w 1864

Pawiak (Polish pronunciation: [ˈpavjak]) was a prison built in 1835 in Warsaw, Congress Poland. During the January 1863 Uprising, it served as a transfer camp for Poles sentenced by Imperial Russia to deportation to Siberia. During the World War II German occupation of Poland, it was used by the Germans, and in 1944 it was destroyed in the Warsaw Uprising.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Pawiak prison (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Pawiak prison
Pawia, Warsaw Śródmieście (Warsaw)

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N 52.246388888889 ° E 20.990555555556 °
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Muzeum więzienia Pawiak

Pawia
00-164 Warsaw, Śródmieście (Warsaw)
Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
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Więzienie Pawiak w 1864
Więzienie Pawiak w 1864
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Warsaw concentration camp
Warsaw concentration camp

The Warsaw concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Warschau, KL Warschau; see other names) was a German concentration camp created on the order of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler on the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto, on the base of the now nonexistent Gęsiówka prison in what is today the Warsaw neighbourhood of Muranów. It operated from July 1943 to August 1944. KL Warschau first functioned as a camp in its own right. However, in May 1944 it became a branch of the Majdanek concentration camp. In late July 1944, due to the Red Army approaching, the Germans started to evacuate the camp. Around 4,000 inmates were forced to march on foot to Kutno, 120 km (75 mi) away; those who survived were then transported to the Dachau concentration camp. On 5 August 1944, the camp was captured by Battalion Zośka during the Warsaw Uprising, liberating 348 Jews who were still left on its premises. It was the only German camp to be liberated by anti-Nazi resistance forces rather than by Allied troops. The Encyclopedia on Camps and Ghettos says that a total of 8,000 to 9,000 inmates were held there. Bogusław Kopka estimates that at least 7,250 of the camp's prisoners, all but 300 of whom were Jews from various European countries who were used as forced labour to clean the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto and to find and sort whatever precious items were still left on its territory, with the ultimate goal of creating a park in the former ghetto's area. The camp and adjacent ruins were also used by the German administration as a place of execution, where Polish political prisoners, Jews caught on the "Aryan side", and persons rounded up on Warsaw streets were killed. About 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners died during the camp's existence, while the total number of deaths attributable to the camp's activity is estimated at 20,000.The camp, which played a minor role in the Holocaust and thus seldom appears in mainstream historiography, has been at the centre of a conspiracy theory, first promoted by Maria Trzcińska, a Polish judge who served for 22 years as a member of the Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. The theory, refuted by mainstream historians, contends that KL Warschau was an extermination camp which operated a giant gas chamber inside a tunnel near Warszawa Zachodnia railroad station and that 200,000 mainly non-Jewish Poles were gassed there.After the Nazis were expelled from Warsaw by the Red Army, the new communist administration continued to run the buildings as a forced-labour camp, and then as a prison, until it was closed in 1956. All the camp's premises were demolished in 1965.

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to Majdanek and Treblinka death camps. After the Grossaktion Warsaw of summer 1942, in which more than a quarter of a million Jews were deported from the ghetto to Treblinka and murdered, the remaining Jews began to build bunkers and smuggle weapons and explosives into the ghetto. The left-wing Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) and right-wing Jewish Military Union (ŻZW) formed and began to train. A small resistance effort to another roundup in January 1943 was partially successful and spurred Polish resistance groups to support the Jews in earnest. The uprising started on 19 April when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, who ordered the burning of the ghetto, block by block, ending on 16 May. A total of 13,000 Jews were killed, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated. German casualties were probably fewer than 150, with Stroop reporting 110 casualties [16 killed + 1 dead/93 wounded].It was the largest single revolt by Jews during World War II. The Jews knew that the uprising was doomed and their survival was unlikely. Marek Edelman, the only surviving ŻOB commander, said their inspiration to fight was "not to allow the Germans alone to pick the time and place of our deaths". According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the uprising was "one of the most significant occurrences in the history of the Jewish people".