Orléans

Cenabum, Gaul (sometimes written Cenabaum or Genabum) was the name of the capital city of the Carnutes, located near the present French city of Orléans. Cenabum was an oppidum and a thriving commercial town on the Loire river. In 52 BC, during the Gallic Wars, the town was taken by Roman general Julius Caesar and integrated into the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. Acts of resistance from the locals who refused to submit to Roman law were severely repressed and resulted in several massacres and the near-total destruction of the town. In the 3rd century, emperor Aurelian visited Cenabum and decided to have it rebuilt (273-274), and named it after himself: Urbs Aurelianorum. In the 9th century, it took the name Aurelianum, the name later evolved into Orléans.In 498, the city was conquered by Germanic invaders, the Salian Franks and brought into the kingdom of Merovingian king Clovis I.

The Battle of Orléans took place in the year 463 pitting the forces of the Kingdom of Soissons, under the command of the magister militum Aegidius, against those of the Visigoths who were commanded by the Visigoth King Theodoric II and his brother Federico.

The Second Battle of Orléans was a battle of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. It took place on December 3 and 4, 1870 and was part of the Loire Campaign. The Germans recaptured Orléans, which had been retaken by the French on November 11, 1870 after the Battle of Coulmiers, and divided the French Army of the Loire in two. Future king of Serbia, Peter, took part in the battle on the French side. The French lost 20,000 men in two days of combat, including 18,000 captured or missing, as well as 74 guns and four gunboats. German manpower losses amounted to 2,000, of which 400 killed and 1,600 wounded. The Germans lost 368 horses, including 175 killed, 183 wounded and 10 missing.

The siege of Orléans (12 October 1428 – 8 May 1429) marked a turning point of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. The siege took place at the pinnacle of English power during the later stages of the war, but was repulsed by French forces inspired by the arrival of Joan of Arc. The French would then regain the initiative in the conflict and began to recapture territories previously occupied by the English. The city held strategic and symbolic significance to both sides of the conflict. The consensus among contemporaries was that the English regent, John of Lancaster, would have succeeded in realising his brother the English king Henry V's dream of conquering all of France if Orléans fell. For half a year the English and their French allies appeared to be on the verge of capturing the city, but the siege collapsed nine days after Joan of Arc arrived.

The siege of Orléans was the final key military engagement of the first French Wars of Religion. Having lost the Battle of Dreux the rebel Huguenots fell back with their remaining forces to the city. François, Duke of Guise, the only non captive royal commander, moved to lay siege to the town, hoping its capitulation would bring about a total victory for the crowns forces. However, despite reducing the suburbs, he would be assassinated at the siege before he could bring it to a conclusion. As a result the captive Louis, Prince of Condé and Anne de Montmorency at Catherine de' Medici's direction were able to negotiate a compromise end to the first war in the Edict of Amboise.

The Musée des beaux-arts d'Orléans is a museum in the city of Orléans in the Loiret department and the Centre-Val de Loire region in France. Founded in 1797, it is one of France's oldest provincial museums. Its collections cover European arts from the 15th to 20th century. The museum owns circa 2,000 paintings (with works by Correggio, Annibale Carracci, Guido Reni, Sebastiano Ricci, Diego Velázquez, Anthony van Dyck, Antoine Watteau, François Boucher, Hubert Robert, Eugène Delacroix (Head of a Woman), Gustave Courbet, 700 sculptures (Baccio Bandinelli), more than 1,200 pieces of decorative arts, 10,000 drawings, 50,000 prints and the second largest collection of pastels in France after that of the Louvre.

Orléans Cathedral (French: Basilique Cathédrale Sainte-Croix d'Orléans) is a Roman Catholic church located in the city of Orléans, France. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Orléans. It was originally built from 1278 to 1329. It was partially destroyed in 1568 by the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion, but was rebuilt between 1601 and 1829. The edifice is in the Gothic architectural style. During the Siege of Orléans, the cathedral was visited frequently by Joan of Arc. The cathedral's stained glass windows now depict the story of Joan's actions that contributed to the lifting of the siege.

The First Council of Orléans was convoked by Clovis I, King of the Franks, in 511. Clovis called for this synod four years after his victory over the Visigoths under Alaric II at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. The council was attended by thirty-two bishops, including four metropolitans, from across Gaul, and together they passed thirty-one decrees. The bishops met at Orléans to reform the church and construct a strong relationship between the crown and the Catholic episcopate, the majority of the canons reflecting compromise between these two institutions. The 511 Council of Orléans was the first national Merovingian church council. It was an important milestone in creating a unified Gallic Church under Frankish rule, and accordingly the matters addressed at the council reflected the concerns of the Catholic episcopate in this new political context. The council established a Merovingian conciliar tradition, being the first of ‘no less than forty-five provincial and national Church councils’ in the sixth century.

The canton of Orléans-4 is an administrative division of the Loiret department, central France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Orléans.It consists of the following communes: Orléans (partly)

Orléans station (French: Gare d'Orléans) is a railway station serving the city Orléans, Loiret department, central France. It is situated on the Paris–Bordeaux railway. The Gare d'Orléans is a terminus station, and therefore TGV and most other long-distance trains only serve the nearby Les Aubrais station.

The Church of Saint-Aignan (French: Collégiale Saint-Aignan) is a collegiate church in the Bourgogne quarter of Orléans on the north bank of the Loire, France. The church is dedicated to Anianus, a 5th-century bishop of Orléans, who, according to legend, persuaded Attila the Hun not to sack the city.According to Gregory of Tours, there was a basilica with a shrine to Anianus where Bishop Namatius was buried after his death in 587. A monastery dedicated to Anianus existed in the first half of the 7th century, because in 651 its abbot, Leodebodus, left to found a new monastery at Fleury on land donated by King Clovis II. According to the Chronicle of Fredegar, written in the middle of the century, the shrine of Anianus was comparable in importance to that of Saint Martin of Tours. Queen Balthild (died 680) supported reform there by introducing the rule of Benedict and that of the Irish missionary Columbanus.By the 9th century, the abbacy at Saint-Aignan was the "virtual hereditary possession of a noble family", the counts of Orléans. During the reign of Louis the Pious, Count Odo I (died 834) tried to confiscate all the churches in the Orléanais and usurp the abbacy of Saint-Aignan. Mid-century, control of the monastery passed to the bishops, who also controlled the countship, and later in the century to the Robertian dynasty. To historians of this period, urban Saint-Aignan is more obscure than its rural daughter house at Fleury. In the Illatio sancti Benedicti, composed between 1010 and 1018, Theodoric of Fleury recounts a legend then current at Fleury. When some Vikings attacked Fleury by sailing down the Loire, the relics of Benedict of Nursia were brought to Saint-Aignan for safekeeping. The monks there sued to keep them, but by a miracle they were sailed back down the frozen river to Fleury when the danger was past.The monastery of Saint-Aignan was rededicated in 1029. At the time its main altar was jointly dedicated to Saints Peter and Anianus, while the altar in the choir was dedicated to Anianus alone, whose relics lay in the crypt below it. There were twelve minor altars lining the nave, dedicated to saints of both local and universal importance, but the six local saints whose relics the church possessed did not have any altars, liturgies or hagiographies at all. Shortly after this date, the bones of Saint Euspicius were transferred to Saint-Mesmin de Micy. In the 1070s, an anonymous monk of Saint-Aignan composed the Miracula sancti Aniani, a collection of stories of miracles performed by Anianus.In 1661, a monk of Saint-Aignan, Robert Hubert, published a collection of documents from the history of Saint-Aignan. Many of these he had forged and they have misled historians ever since.

The George V Bridge is a road and tram bridge that crosses the Loire in Orléans, France. It is an arched masonry bridge spanning a distance of 325 m. Designed by Jean Hupeau, it was built between 1751 and 1760, at the request of Daniel-Charles Trudaine, administrator and civil engineer. It was renamed in honour of King George V at the beginning of the World War I out of respect of Britain's role.