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1957 alleged Jordanian military coup attempt

1950s coups d'état and coup attempts1957 in JordanAttempted coups in JordanHussein of Jordan
King Hussein of Jordan among his troops 1 March 1957
King Hussein of Jordan among his troops 1 March 1957

The 1957 alleged Jordanian military coup attempt refers to violent confrontations on 13 April 1957 at the large army barracks in Zarqa between royalist, mostly Bedouin units, loyal to King Hussein, and Nasserist-style Arab nationalist units. A military maneuver named "Operation Hashem" was initiated on 8 April and it encircled the capital Amman. When Hussein asked Ali Abu Nuwar (Army chief of staff) about the maneuver he claimed that it was a normal military exercise. Hussein, suspicious that this was a show of strength by Abu Nuwar to overthrow him and enter a union with Nasserist Egypt, ordered Abu Nuwar to withdraw the unit which he heeded. The Arabist government of Suleiman Nabulsi was forced to resign on 10 April after its policies clashed frequently with that of the Palace. On 13 April, rioting broke in the Zarqa barracks, Hussein (aged 21) went to end the violence between royalist and Arabist units after the Arabists spread rumors that Hussein was killed. A 3,000-man Syrian force started moving south in support of what they perceived as a coup attempt, but turned around after the army units showed their loyalty to the King. Two principal accounts emerged regarding the events at Zarqa, with the royalist version holding that the incident was an abortive coup by Abu Nuwar against King Hussein, and the dissident version asserting that it was a staged, American-backed counter-coup by Hussein against the pan-Arabist movement in Jordan. In any case, Abu Nuwar and other senior Arabist officers resigned and were allowed to leave Jordan for Syria where they incited opposition to the Monarchy. Hussein imposed martial law and disbanded Palestinian-dominated military units after the incident. Although he eventually relaxed some of these measures, namely military curfews and severe press censorship, Hussein's moves significantly curtailed the constitutional democracy that existed in Jordan in the mid-1950s. The alleged conspirators were sentenced to 15 years in absentia, but later on were pardoned by Hussein in 1964 as part of his reconciliation efforts with his exiled opposition, and were given senior posts in the government.

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1957 alleged Jordanian military coup attempt
Zarqa

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N 32.083333333333 ° E 36.1 °
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13112 Zarqa
Zarqa, Jordan
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King Hussein of Jordan among his troops 1 March 1957
King Hussein of Jordan among his troops 1 March 1957
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Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company
Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company

Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company (Arabic: شركة مصفاة البترول الأردنية) runs the only oil refinery in Jordan and was established in 1956. The idea of establishing Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company dates back to more than half a century when the idea was adopted by the then Ministry of National Economy, and there was a consensus on the importance of refining industry as a main source of energy for most of the economic activities and as a contributor to raising the Kingdom's revenues. Although it is the only Refinery in Jordan, it managed to supply the local market with all its needs of various petroleum products, and its establishment had led to complete dependence on the imported high-cost oil derivatives; this had saved the Jordanian economy significant amounts of foreign currency, made available thousands job opportunities to citizens, opened the door to other new industries, and contributed to supporting important economy sectors such as the sector of electricity, transportation, industry and constructions. In 2021, JPRC recorded the highest net profit in company history, JD52.2 million. The profits are the combination of JD20.6 million from activities at the refinery and from filling gas cylinders, than JD7 million from the lubricant factory, and the remaining JD24.3 million from the Jordan Petroleum Marketing Company (JoPetrol). In June 2022, JPRC finalized the financial settlement for the dues owed to them from the National Electric Power Company, with the Ministry of Finance, in which the government will repay JD105 million during 2023 first quarter. Further negotiations are still on going with the government for the 2019 and 2020 gas activity commissions, in which annual return of 12 percent on investments is to be taken into consideration. In October 2022, JPRC was working together with project managements contractors and financial, technical and legal advisors on the implementation of the fourth expansion project at the refinery. Various international companies came together to make three different offers in which the JPRC needs to chose from. JPRC began discussions with one of the consortia consisting of three companies from China, Italy and Japan, the bidding time for the project ended in December 2022. The expansion is expected to cost more than $2.6 billion. In January 2023 came the announcement about a $3 billion contract with Sinopec Engineering Co, Technimont and Itochu Corp. for the joint development of the fourth phase expansion at the Zarqa refinery. The expansion is expected to increase daily capacities from 60,000 barrels to 150,000. In 2023, JPRC signed an agreement for the termination of its concessions with the government, in which they made a payment of JD20.4 million for stake in their assets and those of the airports and city of Aqaba.