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Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial

1904 establishments in Germany1904 sculpturesCultural depictions of Wolfgang Amadeus MozartGermany sculpture stubsJoseph Haydn
Monuments and memorials in BerlinMonuments to composersOutdoor sculptures in BerlinSculptures of Ludwig van BeethovenTiergarten (park)
Berlin, Tiergarten, Grosser Tiergarten, Beethoven Haydn Mozart Denkmal, Siemering, 1904
Berlin, Tiergarten, Grosser Tiergarten, Beethoven Haydn Mozart Denkmal, Siemering, 1904

The Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial (German: Komponistendenkmal) is an outdoor memorial of 1904 to the classical composers Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, designed by Rudolf and Wolfgang Siemering and located in Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany. The monument was commissioned by Kaiser Wilhelm II. It suffered considerable damage during World War II and was only fully restored in 2005–2007.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial
Tunnel Tiergarten Spreebogen, Berlin Tiergarten

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N 52.51375 ° E 13.370333333333 °
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Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal

Tunnel Tiergarten Spreebogen
10785 Berlin, Tiergarten
Germany
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Berlin, Tiergarten, Grosser Tiergarten, Beethoven Haydn Mozart Denkmal, Siemering, 1904
Berlin, Tiergarten, Grosser Tiergarten, Beethoven Haydn Mozart Denkmal, Siemering, 1904
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Siegesallee
Siegesallee

The Siegesallee (German: [ˈziːɡəs.aˌleː], Victory Avenue) was a broad boulevard in Berlin, Germany. In 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered and financed the expansion of an existing avenue, to be adorned with a variety of marble statues. Work was completed in 1901. About 750m in length, it ran northwards through the Tiergarten park from Kemperplatz (a road junction on the southern edge of the park near Potsdamer Platz), to the former site of the Victory Column at the Königsplatz, close to the Reichstag. Along its length the Siegesallee cut across the Charlottenburger Chaussee (today's Straße des 17. Juni, the main avenue that runs east–west through the park and leads to the Brandenburg Gate). The marble monuments and the neobaroque ensemble were ridiculed even by its contemporaries. Berlin folklore dubbed the Kaiser Denkmalwilly (Monument Billy) for his excessive historicism. Moves to have the statues demolished were thwarted after the end of the monarchy in 1919. The Siegessäule and the figures were moved by the Nazi government to the Großer Stern in 1939 to allow for larger military parades. Some of the monuments were lost in the aftermath of the Second World War. The allied forces (the area later belonged to the British sector) had the avenue erased and the area replanted. In a symbolic act, the Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten) was deliberately built in its path immediately after the end of the war. The remaining figures were repaired in the Spandau Citadel and some form part of the permanent exhibition Enthüllt – Berlin und seine Denkmäler which opened in April 2016. The avenue was reconstructed as a footpath in 2006.

Aktion T4
Aktion T4

Aktion T4 (German, pronounced [akˈtsi̯oːn teː fiːɐ]) was a campaign of mass murder by involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany. The term was first used in post-war trials against doctors who had been involved in the killings. The name T4 is an abbreviation of Tiergartenstraße 4, a street address of the Chancellery department set up in early 1940, in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, which recruited and paid personnel associated with Aktion T4. Certain German physicians were authorised to select patients "deemed incurably sick, after most critical medical examination" and then administer to them a "mercy death" (Gnadentod). In October 1939, Adolf Hitler signed a "euthanasia note", backdated to 1 September 1939, which authorised his physician Karl Brandt and Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler to begin the killing. The killings took place from September 1939 until the end of the war in 1945; from 275,000 to 300,000 people were killed in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and Austria, occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic). The number of victims was originally recorded as 70,273 but this number has been increased by the discovery of victims listed in the archives of the former East Germany. About half of those killed were taken from church-run asylums, often with the approval of the Protestant or Catholic authorities of the institutions. The Holy See announced on 2 December 1940 that the policy was contrary to divine law and that "the direct killing of an innocent person because of mental or physical defects is not allowed" but the declaration was not upheld by all Catholic authorities in Germany. In the summer of 1941, protests were led in Germany by the bishop of Münster, Clemens von Galen, whose intervention led to "the strongest, most explicit and most widespread protest movement against any policy since the beginning of the Third Reich", according to Richard J. Evans. Several reasons have been suggested for the killings, including eugenics, racial hygiene, and saving money. Physicians in German and Austrian asylums continued many of the practices of Aktion T4 until the defeat of Germany in 1945, in spite of its official cessation in August 1941. The informal continuation of the policy led to 93,521 "beds emptied" by the end of 1941. Technology developed under Aktion T4, particularly the use of lethal gas on large numbers of people, was taken over by the medical division of the Reich Interior Ministry, along with the personnel of Aktion T4, who participated in mass murder of Jewish people. The programme was authorised by Hitler but the killings have since come to be viewed as murders in Germany. The number of people killed was about 200,000 in Germany and Austria, with about 100,000 victims in other European countries. Following the war, a number of the perpetrators were tried and convicted for murder and crimes against humanity.