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Manchester Martyrs

1860s murders in the United Kingdom1867 in England19th-century executions by England and WalesExecuted Irish peopleHistory of Manchester
Irish Republican BrotherhoodIrish diaspora in EnglandIrish people executed abroadPolice operations in the United KingdomPolitical history of EnglandPublicly executed peopleTriosUse British English from October 2013
The three martyrs executed at Manchester, England LCCN2003677699 (cropped)
The three martyrs executed at Manchester, England LCCN2003677699 (cropped)

The "Manchester Martyrs" (Irish: Mairtirígh Mhanchain) is a term used by Irish nationalists to refer to three men—William Philip Allen, Michael Larkin, and Michael O'Brien—who were executed following their conviction of murder in 1867 after an attack on a police van in Manchester, England, in which a police officer was accidentally shot dead, an incident that was known at the time as the "Manchester Outrages". The three were members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, also known as the Fenians, an organisation dedicated to ending British rule in Ireland, and were among a group of 30–40 Fenians who attacked a horse-drawn police van transporting two arrested leaders of the Brotherhood, Thomas J. Kelly and Timothy Deasy, to Belle Vue Gaol. Police Sergeant Charles Brett, travelling inside with the keys, was shot and killed while looking through the keyhole of the van as the attackers attempted to force the door open by shooting the lock. Kelly and Deasy were released after another prisoner in the van took the keys from Brett's body and passed them to the group outside through a ventilation grill; the pair were never recaptured, despite an extensive search. Although Allen and Larkin admitted taking part in the attack, none of the defendants was accused of firing the fatal shot, but they were convicted on the basis of "joint enterprise" for taking part in a criminal enterprise that ended in the killing. The trial has nonetheless been described by an eminent Irish historian as "unsatisfactory", and the evidence as "dubious". Two others were also charged and found guilty of Brett's murder, Thomas Maguire and Edward O'Meagher Condon, but their death sentences were overturned—O'Meagher Condon's through the intercession of the United States government (he was an American citizen), and Maguire's because the evidence given against him was considered unsatisfactory by the court. Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien were publicly hanged on a temporary structure built on the wall of Salford Gaol, on 23 November 1867, in front of a crowd of 8,000–10,000. Ireland reacted with revulsion and anger to the executions, and Allen, Larkin and O'Brien were hailed as political martyrs. Annual commemorations were held throughout Ireland, and monuments were built in many Irish towns. Brett, the first Manchester City Police officer to be killed on duty, is memorialised in a monument in St Ann's Church.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Manchester Martyrs (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Manchester Martyrs
Hyde Road, Manchester Ardwick

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N 53.467222222222 ° E -2.2077777777778 °
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Longsight Depot Junction (Longsight North Juncton)

Hyde Road
M12 5AZ Manchester, Ardwick
England, United Kingdom
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The three martyrs executed at Manchester, England LCCN2003677699 (cropped)
The three martyrs executed at Manchester, England LCCN2003677699 (cropped)
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Ellen Wilkinson High School
Ellen Wilkinson High School

Ellen Wilkinson High School was housed, until it closed in 2000, in a Grade II* listed building in Ardwick, Manchester, England, designed in 1879–80 by the prolific Manchester architect Thomas Worthington. Formerly known as Nicholls Hospital, the building was funded by Benjamin Nicholls as a memorial to his son, John Ashton Nicholls. Nicholls commissioned Worthington to prepare designs in 1867, with instructions that building was only to commence after his own death. It was Worthington's last significant commission in the city. The original usage was as an orphanage; the Ashton family gave over £100,000 to its construction and endowment.The style is flamboyant Flemish Gothic in red brick with sandstone dressings and steeply-pitched slate roofs. The main range is double-pile with eleven bays and a massive central tower, which shows clear similarities to that of Worthington's City Police Courts at Minshull Street. The tower was originally embellished by Worthington's trade-mark animal carving but the majority were removed in the 20th century.From 1952 to 1967 the building was used as the Nicholls Secondary Boys School. The school later amalgamated with Ardwick High School. Initially the school was known as Nicholls Ardwick High School but was later renamed in honour of Ellen Wilkinson, socialist, feminist and first female Minister for Education, who was born in Ardwick. The school achieved renown because of its heavy emphasis on the arts thereby anticipating 'specialist school' status by some decades. In 2000 the building changed use again when Ellen Wilkinson High School was merged into Cedar Mount High School, the old hospital becoming Nicholls Campus of Manchester City College.