Córdoba offensive

Córdoba (; Spanish: [ˈkoɾðoβa]), or Cordova () in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. It is the third most populated municipality in Andalusia, after Seville and Málaga, and the 11th overall in the country. It was a Roman settlement on the right bank of the Guadalquivir, taken over by the Visigoths, followed by the Muslim conquests in the eighth century and later becoming the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. During these Muslim periods, Córdoba was transformed into a world leading center of education and learning, producing figures such as Averroes, Ibn Hazm, and Al-Zahrawi, and by the 10th century it had grown to be the second-largest city in Europe. Following the Christian conquest in 1236, it became part of the Crown of Castile. Córdoba is home to notable examples of Moorish architecture such as the Mezquita-Catedral, which was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 and is now a cathedral. The UNESCO status has since been expanded to encompass the whole historic centre of Córdoba, Medina-Azahara and Festival de los Patios. Córdoba has more World Heritage Sites than anywhere in the world, with four. Much of this architecture, such as the Alcázar and the Roman bridge has been reworked or reconstructed by the city's successive inhabitants. Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe, with average high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August.

San Miguel is a Roman Catholic church in Córdoba, Andalusia, southern Spain. It is one of the twelve churches built by order of King Ferdinand III of Castile in the city after its conquest in the early 13th century. It was declared a monument of national interest in 1931. It is an example of transition from the Romanesque to Gothic architecture, although the interior was largely renewed in 1749. It has a nearly square plan, with a nave and two aisles without a transept, a with polygonal apses; the nave has a coffered ceiling. The main altar, in marble, was built in the 18th century. A side entrance has a horseshoe arch, perhaps dating to the Caliphate age.

The Conservatorio Superior de Música "Rafael Orozco" de Córdoba, better known in English as the Córdoba Conservatory, is a music conservatory in Córdoba, Spain. It was founded by the city council of Cordoba in 1902 as the Música de la Escuela Provincial de Bellas Artes. Composer Cipriano Martínez Rücker served as the school's first director. In 1922 it became the third music school in Spain to achieve a national status as a music conservatory at which point its name was changed to the Conservatorio Oficial de Música. Its name was changed again to Conservatorio Profesional in 1942, and later Conservatorio Superior de Música in 1972. In 1996 the school was re-named again in honor of the Spanish concert pianist Rafael Orozco who had recently died and was an alumnus of the conservatory.

The Spanish city of Córdoba has the remains of a Roman temple, which was discovered in the 1950s during the expansion of City Hall. It is located in the angle formed by the streets Claudio Marcelo and Capitulares. It was not the only temple that the city had, but it was possibly the most important of all, and the only known by archaeological excavation. It is a Pseudoperipterus, hexastyle and of Corinthian order temple of 32 meters long and 16 wide. Its construction began during the reign of Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) and ended some forty years later, during the reign of Emperor Domitian (81-96 CE). Presumably it was dedicated to the imperial cult. The temple underwent some changes in the 2nd century, reforms that coincide with the relocation of the colonial forum. In the area had already been found architectural elements, such as drums of columns, capitals, etc. all in marble, so the area was known as los marmolejos. This area of Córdoba could become between the 1st century and the 2nd century, as the provincial forum of the Colonia Patricia, title that received the city during the Roman rule.

The Archaeological and Ethnological Museum of Córdoba (Spanish: Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico de Córdoba; MAECO or simply Museo Arqueológico de Córdoba) is a museum in Córdoba, Spain. Owned by the Spanish State, its management has been transferred to the Ministry of Culture of the Junta of Andalusia.

San Nicolás de la Villa is a church in Córdoba, Andalusia, southern Spain. It is one of the twelve Fernandine churches built in the city after its conquest by King Ferdinand III of Castile (1236), in Gothic-Mudéjar style, although it was completed only in the following centuries, with much renovation added in the meantime. The main portal, in Renaissance style, was added by Hernán Ruiz the Younger in the 16th century. The octagonal tower, with a defensive appearance, was rebuilt during the age of the Catholic Monarchs above an older Islamic minaret. In the 17th and 18th century, much of the church's elements were modified until it received the current mostly Baroque appearance. The baptistery dates from 1555.

The Christ of Atonement and Mercy, popularly known as the Christ of the Lanterns (Spanish: Cristo de los Faroles), is a large Crucifix located at the Plaza de los Capuchinos in Cordoba, Spain. The sculpture was created in 1794 by the sculptor Juan Navarro León under a commission by the Capuchin friar Diego José de Cádiz. Its popular name comes from the eight lanterns set on iron mounts that illuminate it. The current appearance of the sculpture has developed with the construction of a fence in the 20th century and the replacement of the lanterns with darker ones in 1984.

The Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus (Real Colegiata de San Hipólito in Spanish) is a Catholic Church in Córdoba, (Spain) founded in 1343 at the initiative of King Alfonso XI of Castile. The church, which was later granted in perpetuity to the Society of Jesus, contains the tombs of King Ferdinand IV and his son Alfonso XI.

The Convento de Santa Marta is a convent in Córdoba, Spain, on Calle de Santa Marta. Founded in 1464, it belongs to the female branch of the order Hieronymites.Architecturally, the convent was built in the "Reyes Católicos" style and is characterized by its quadrangular nave covered by cross vaults, which highlight the altarpiece, made in the year 1582. The arch gives access to the cloister from the gallery and the Marian images both date to the 15th century. The convent has a late-16th-century altarpiece by the sculptor Andres Ocampo and the painter Baltasar del Águila. The roof of the church is made up of vaults and the entire complex is enclosed within a short wall.

San Juan y Todos los Santos (St John and All Saints), also known as Iglesia de la Trinidad (Trinity Church), is a Catholic church located on the Plaza de la Trinidad in Córdoba, Spain. It stands on the site of the former Convento de la Trinidad established shortly after Fernando III conquered the city in 1236. Built in the Baroque style, it forms part of the Historic centre of Córdoba, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Al Morabito Mosque (Spanish: Mezquita El Morabito) is an Islamic place of worship in Córdoba, Spain. It was built during the Spanish Civil War as a gift for Franco's Muslim soldiers and is considered Spain's first modern mosque. After the Spanish Transition and the return of democracy, the Association of Muslims in Cordoba asked the municipal government, then led by the mayor Julio Anguita, to give them the building to perform the congregational prayers. The application was accepted and opened in 1992 again as a mosque.

The Julio Romero de Torres Museum is a museum located in the city of Córdoba, Spain, which is notable for containing the largest collection of the famous Cordoban painter Julio Romero de Torres. It is located in the building of the old Hospital of la Caridad, which also houses the Museum of Fine Arts of Córdoba. The museum has been declared a Bien de Interés Cultural in the category of monument since 1962.