Vipava (river)

Monte San Michele (Italian) or Debela griža (Slovene) is a hill on the Karst Plateau, in the Italian province of Gorizia, on the border between the municipalities of Sagrado and Savogna d'Isonzo. It is located eight kilometres southwest of Gorizia, on the left bank of the Isonzo, and has four peaks, the highest two of which (Cima Due and Cima Tre) have an elevation of 275 meters above sea level, while the lowest (Cima Uno) has an elevation of 237 meters, and Cima Quattro stands at 264 meters.Due to its commanding position over the lower Isonzo valley and the plain of Gorizia, it was the theatre of heavy fighting during the First World War; along with Sabotin and Podgora, the San Michele was one of the main bulwarks of the Austro-Hungarian defense of Gorizia during the early battles of the Isonzo, heavily fortified with multiple orders of trenches, barbed wire, heavy artillery, tunnels and machine-gun posts. It was one of the most bitterly contested heights on the Karst during the first six battles of the Isonzo; during the Second Battle of the Isonzo, in July 1915, it was twice captured by Italian troops, and twice recaptured by Austro-Hungarian counterattacks. Partial gains were made during the Third and Fourth Battle of the Isonzo. On 29 June 1916 the San Michele was the location of the first use of poison gas on the Italian Front, when the Austro-Hungarian released a mix of chlorine and phosgene which killed 2,700 Italian troops and poisoned another 4,000 (additionally, some 250 Austro-Hungarians were killed, and 1,500 poisoned, due to a change in the wind that blew some of the gas back towards the Austro-Hungarian lines). The San Michele was finally secured by the Italian XI Corps (General Giorgio Cigliana) in August 1916, during the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo.Poet Giuseppe Ungaretti fought on the San Michele, which he mentioned in some of the poems collected in Allegria di naufragi.In 1922 the San Michele was declared a "monumental area", and turned into an open-air museum. A World War I museum is located near Cima Tre.

Grotta Regina del Carso ("Queen of Karst cave", Slovene: Jama Kraljica Krasa) is a Karst cave in the village of San Michele del Carso (Slovene: Vrh) in the municipality of Savogna d'Isonzo (Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy). The cave is not open to public, and the access is managed by Talpe del Carso/Kraški Krti speleological group, headquartered in the vicinity of the entrance.

Farra d'Isonzo (Italian pronunciation: [ˈfarra diˈzontso]; Slovene: Fara ob Soči; Friulian: Fare; Southeastern Friulian: Fara) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy.

Mossa (Slovene: Moš; Friulian: Mosse) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Gorizia. The name is derived from the Old German Moos Au.Mossa borders the following municipalities: Capriva del Friuli, Farra d'Isonzo, Gorizia, San Floriano del Collio, San Lorenzo Isontino.

Lucinico (Friulian: Lucinîs or Luzinìs, Slovene: Ločnik) is a frazione in Gorizia, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The frazione lies 4.88 kilometres from the town of Gorizia.

The Church of the Immaculate Conception is an Italian church located in Borgo Zuppini, a district of Farra d'Isonzo. The church dates back to the 17th century. It belonged to the Gradiscan family of the Zuppini counts. In November 1665, Emperor Leopold confirmed the noble title to brothers Giovanni Battista, Antonio and Filippo. The church was erected on land owned by the Zuppini family by Count Giovanni Battista to fulfill a vow, following his recovery from an illness. The church was once private property of the Zuppini family, but it belongs to the Parish of Farra d'Isonzo since 1924. A descendant of the founder, died in 1778, was buried in the chapel. It was dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, to which the count had turned to beg for grace. It is the oldest church in the diocese named after the Immaculate Conception.

San Lorenzo Isontino (Friulian: San Lurinz; Slovene: Šlovrenc ob Soči) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Gorizia. San Lorenzo Isontino borders the following municipalities: Capriva del Friuli, Farra d'Isonzo, Moraro, Mossa.

The Second Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and of Austria-Hungary in the Italian Front in World War I, between 18 July and 3 August 1915.

Capriva del Friuli (Slovene: Koprivno; Standard Friulian: Caprive; Southeastern Friulian: Capriva) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Gorizia. Capriva del Friuli borders the following municipalities: Cormons, Moraro, Mossa, San Floriano del Collio, San Lorenzo Isontino. The municipality is located in the hilly Collio region, noted for viticulture.

Opatje Selo (pronounced [ɔˈpaːtjɛ ˈsɛːlɔ]; Slovene: Opatje selo, Italian: Opacchiasella) is a village in the Municipality of Miren-Kostanjevica in the Littoral region of Slovenia, right on the border with Italy. It is located on the Karst Plateau, along an old road leading from Komen to Gorizia. It includes the former hamlet of Mačeče.

Podgora, also known in Italian as Monte Calvario, is a hill on the Karst plateau west of Gorizia, on the right bank of the Isonzo, with an elevation of 241 meters above sea level. Due to its commanding position over the Isonzo valley and the Gorizia plain, it was the theatre of bitter fighting during the First World War, from June 1915 to August 1916.Along with Sabotin and San Michele, Podgora was one of the main bulwarks of the Austro-Hungarian defense of Gorizia during the early battles of the Isonzo, being heavily fortified with multiple orders of trenches, barbed wire and machine-gun posts. The Podgora was repeatedly attacked by Italian troops in June 1915, before and during the First Battle of the Isonzo, without success, and in July, before and during the Second Battle of the Isonzo, when a regiment of Carabinieri managed to make some gains. Further advance occurred in October 1915, during the Third Battle of the Isonzo, and in November, during the Fourth Battle of the Isonzo. The summit was finally captured by the "Casale" Infantry Brigade on 8 August 1916, during the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo; Gorizia fell shortly thereafter.

The First Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the northeastern Italian Front in World War I, between 23 June and 7 July 1915. The aim of the Italian Army was to drive the Austrians away from its defensive positions along the Isonzo ( Soča) river and on the nearby mountains and hopefully capture the port of Trieste. Although the Italians enjoyed a 2:1 numeric superiority, their offensive failed because the Italian commander, Luigi Cadorna, employed frontal assaults after impressive (but short) artillery barrages. The Austro-Hungarians had the advantage of fighting from uphill positions barricaded with barbed wire which were able to easily resist the Italian assault. The Italians had some early successes. They partially took Monte Nero (Monte Krn), took Monte Colowrat, and captured the heights around Plezzo. However, they were unable to dislodge the Austro-Hungarian troops from the high ground between Tolmino and the Isonzo, which would later form a launching off point for the Caporetto Offensive. The heaviest fighting occurred around Gorizia. In addition to the natural defenses of the river and mountains, bastions were created at Oslavia and Podgora. The fighting at Gorizia consisted of street-by-street urban combat interspersed with artillery fire. Italian troops, such as the Italian Re and Casale Brigades, were able to advance as far as the suburbs but could get no further and were driven back. They made small footholds at Sagrado and Redipuglia on the Karst Plateau south of Gorizia but were unable to do much else. On the Austrian-Hungarian side two commanders distinguished themselves: Major General Géza Lukachich von Somorja, commander of the 5th Mountain Brigade, who retook Redipuglia, and Major General Novak von Arienti who retook Hill 383 (overlooking Plave) with his 1st Mountain Brigade. Early in July the commander of the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army, General Svetozar Boroević, received two reinforcement divisions, which put an end to the Italian efforts at breaking through the Austro-Hungarian lines. The final Italian gains were minimal: in the northern sector, they conquered the heights over Bovec (Mount Kanin); in the southern sector, they conquered the westernmost ridges of the Karst Plateau near Fogliano Redipuglia and Monfalcone.