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Coni Zugna

Military history of Italy during World War IMountains of ItalyMountains of TrentinoMountains of the AlpsVicentine Alps
Castel Sajori
Castel Sajori

Coni Zugna, also known as Monte Zugna, is a mountain in the Vicentine Alps, in northeastern Italy. It has an elevation of 1,865 metres and is located near the southern border of the province of Trento, close to the province of Vicenza, just north of the Gruppo della Carega. It is part of the mountain range that divides the Vallarsa from the Lagarina Valley. Before the First World War the mountain was located in Austro-Hungarian territory, and the Austro-Hungarian authorities planned to build a fort on it, but work never started due to the outbreak of the war. During the war, the mountain was bitterly contested between Italy and Austria-Hungary, especially during the battle of Asiago in May and June 1916. Remains from the war are now part of the Parco della Pace (Peace Park), an open-air museum. In commemoration of the fighting during World War I, streets in many Italian cities bear the name of Coni Zugna, as does one of the stations of the Milan Metro Line 4.An astronomical observatory, managed by the Civic Museum of Rovereto, is located on the mountain at a height of 1,620 meters. A mountain hut, also called Coni Zugna, is located at 1,610 meters.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Coni Zugna (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Coni Zugna
Strada forestale Coni Zugna, Comunità della Vallagarina

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N 45.799444444444 ° E 11.068888888889 °
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Strada forestale Coni Zugna
Comunità della Vallagarina
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy
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Castel Sajori
Castel Sajori
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Valmorbia works
Valmorbia works

The Valmorbia Works, also known as Fort Pozzacchio, represented the last permanent fortification built by Austria-Hungary on the Italian front. Valmorbia is built at an altitude of 882 metres (2,894 ft) above sea level. The fort was partially built on the slopes of Monte Pasubio between 1909 and the outbreak of hostilities with Italy in May 1915. Like many other forts of the time, it was made mostly of rock and the rest concrete. Since water was hard to obtain, an intricate system for collecting water was built so that every drop went into a storage tank. The fort has two levels connected by a concrete staircase; in addition, a third level was sketched out but never built. There is a road rising from the commune of Vallarsa and passing through two tunnels, one of which is equipped with a rearguard station for defending the access road. The rearguard had a heavy iron door that could block off the route to the fort. In 1913, a cable car station was built to facilitate the movement of construction supplies for the fort. A small-gauge railway was additionally built to rapidly move supplies up and down the mountain. Like all Austro-Hungarian fortifications constructed since the turn of the century, the fort was built to withstand indirect fire from howitzers and even 305 mm guns, the largest at the time. At the time that hostilities broke out only a few components of the fort were completed, most notably the moat surrounding the works. Additionally, two 10 cm cannons were supposed to be placed in rotating armored domes, but these were never installed or delivered.

Rotzo Formation
Rotzo Formation

The Rotzo Formation (also known in older literature as the Noriglio Grey Limestone Formation) is a geological formation in Italy, dating to roughly between 192 and 186 million years ago and covering the Pliensbachian stage of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era. Has been traditionally classified as a Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Formation, but a large and detailed dataset of isotopic 13C and 87Sr/86Sr data, estimated the Rotzo Formation to span only over the Early Pliensbachian, bracketed between the Jamesoni-Davoei biozones, marked in the Loppio Oolitic Limestone–Rotzo Fm contact by a carbon isotope excursion onset similar to the Sinemu-Pliens boundary event, while the other sequences fit with the a warm phase that lasts until the Davoei biozone. The Rotzo Formation represented the Carbonate Platform, being located over the Trento Platform and surrounded by the Massone Oolite (marginal calcarenitic bodies), the Fanes Piccola Encrinite (condensed deposits and emerged lands), the Lombadian Basin Medolo Group and Belluno Basin Soverzene Formation (open marine), and finally towards the south, deep water deposits of the Adriatic Basin. The also Pliensbachian Aganane Formation of Morocco represents a regional equivalent, both in deposition and faunal content. Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation. This formation was deposited within a tropical lagoon environment, similar to modern Bahamas which was protected by oolitic shoals and bars from the open deep sea located to the east (Belluno Basin) and towards the west (Lombardia Basin). It is characterized by a rich paleontological content. It is notable mostly thanks to its great amount of big aberrant bivalves, among which is the genus Lithiotis, described in the second half of the nineteenth century. The unusual shape of Lithiotis and Cochlearites shells, extremely elongated and narrow, characterized by a spoon-like body space placed in a high position, rarely preserved, seems to suggest their adaptation to soft and muddy bottoms with a high sedimentation rate. The Bellori outcrop displays about 20 m of limestones with intercalated clays and marls rich in organic matter and sometimes fossil wood (coal) and amber. The limestones are well stratified, with beds 10 cm to more than one metre thick, whereas the clayey levels range between 3 and 40 cm in thickness.