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Maison de la chimie

Buildings and structures in ParisScience and technology in France
P1020484 Paris VII Rue Saint Dominique n°28 hotel de la Rochefoucauld d'Estissac rwk
P1020484 Paris VII Rue Saint Dominique n°28 hotel de la Rochefoucauld d'Estissac rwk

The Maison de la Chimie ("the House of Chemistry") is an international conference center in Paris, France, located near the National Assembly.The house is managed by a nonprofit association, La Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie. Its primary objective is to assist and help scientists and engineers working in the field of chemistry, through the organization of meetings, colloquia and conferences. The house provides office space to various associations involved in scientific and technological fields. The headquarters of the Société Astronomique de France was located in the house from 1966 to 1974.Halls and rooms are also rented for meetings whose topics lie outside the field of chemistry; these other usages actually represent 75% to 80% of the activity. Because of its central location in Paris, near the National Assembly and several ministries, the house is particularly sought for meetings with elected officials.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Maison de la chimie (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Maison de la chimie
Rue Saint-Dominique, Paris Faubourg Saint-Germain (Paris)

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N 48.860056 ° E 2.316837 °
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Maison de la Chimie

Rue Saint-Dominique
75007 Paris, Faubourg Saint-Germain (Paris)
Ile-de-France, France
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P1020484 Paris VII Rue Saint Dominique n°28 hotel de la Rochefoucauld d'Estissac rwk
P1020484 Paris VII Rue Saint Dominique n°28 hotel de la Rochefoucauld d'Estissac rwk
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General Planning Commission (France)
General Planning Commission (France)

The General Planning Commission (Commissariat général du Plan) was an advisory body reporting to the government of France. It was established by the Chairman of the French Provisional Government, Charles de Gaulle, on 3 January 1946.: 152 The General Planning Commission's first plan, the Modernization and Re-equipment Plan, was designed to spur economic reconstruction following World War II.: 38  Its aims were: (1) to develop national production and foreign trade, particularly in those fields where France is most favourably placed; (2) to increase productivity; (3) to ensure the full employment of manpower; (4) to raise the standard of living and to improve the environment and the conditions of national life.: 240  This plan is commonly known as the Monnet Plan after Jean Monnet, the chief advocate and first head of the General Planning Commission.: 98 In pursuit of its objectives, the General Planning Commission set production targets for 1950 according to the resources that were then expected to be available, starting with six crucial sectors: coal mining, steel, electricity, rail transport, cement, and farm machinery.: 247  Later oil, chemicals, fertilizers, synthetic fertilizers, synthetic fibres, shipbuilding and other sectors were added.: 38  The Commission's plan emphasized expansion, modernization, efficiency, and modern management practice.: 280  It set investment targets, and allocated investment funds.: 280  : 38 The plan’s process – focusing, prioritizing, and pointing the way – has been called "indicative planning" to differentiate it from highly directive and rigid Soviet style planning. : 29–32 The General Planning Commission continued to produce a multi-year plan for France until 2006 when it was succeeded by the Centre d’analyse stratégique. In 2013, France Stratégie took over from the Centre d'analyse stratégique.

National Assembly bombing
National Assembly bombing

The National Assembly bombing was a bomb attack carried out on 9 December 1893 in Paris by the anarchist militant Auguste Vaillant. Acting in reaction to other events of the Ère des attentats, literally, "Era of Attacks", (1892–1894), such as the execution of Ravachol, the militant carefully prepared a bomb and managed to enter the galleries of the French National Assembly. He then threw it towards the deputies but was hindered by the arm of another spectator, which caused his attempt to fail. The bomb exploded, killing no one but slightly injuring several people – including Vaillant himself. The session at the National Assembly continued without interruption after the attack, while Vaillant was arrested later that day. Although the attack was a failure, it illustrated the opposition of anarchists to the French Republic and triggered two kinds of developments. On the one hand, the political authorities used it to push for the rapid adoption of the first two lois scélérates ('villainous laws') in December 1893. The first targeted press freedom, creating the category of incitement to terrorism and undermining the presumption of innocence. The second concerned criminal associations, making any terrorist project punishable, even if the act was not committed. On the other hand, the passing of the lois scélérates and the execution of Vaillant only heightened tensions during this period, pushing Émile Henry and Désiré Pauwels to commit their attacks in revenge – since Vaillant had become a martyr among anarchists. French President Sadi Carnot, who refused to grant his pardon to Vaillant, was assassinated a few months later. The French press, particularly Le Petit Journal, seized upon the affair to delegitimize the actions of the anarchist and reinforce the republican narrative of the events. This bombing, along with other attacks during the Era of Attacks, marked an early shift in terrorist strategy: instead of targeting specific individuals, it focused on symbolic locations—in this case, the National Assembly as a stand-in for a precise human target. This shift became a hallmark of modern terrorism but was poorly understood by contemporaries.