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F-1 (nuclear reactor)

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RIAN archive 500897 Control panel of the first Russian nuclear reactor
RIAN archive 500897 Control panel of the first Russian nuclear reactor

The F-1 (from "First Physical Reactor") is a research reactor operated by the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, Russia. When started on December 25, 1946, it became the first nuclear reactor in Europe to achieve a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. It was still in operation in the beginning of the 2010s, with a power level of 24 kW, making it, at that time, the world's oldest operating reactor. The fuel in F-1 is metallic uranium with the natural content of the 235 U isotope (0.72%), graphite as a moderator, and cadmium rods to control the neutron flux. The spherical structure with a diameter of about 6 meters is made of loose graphite bricks. The graphite stack has holes in which fuel and control rods are placed, as well as research and control equipment. The weight of graphite is 400 tons, uranium is 50 tons. Thermal power of the reactor is from 100 W to 1 MW. Air cooling, if necessary, was provided by fans. Long-term operation at high power was not possible, but the large mass of the core allowed a short-term increase in power to peak values. In November 2016 it was in permanent shutdown state.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article F-1 (nuclear reactor) (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

F-1 (nuclear reactor)
улица Маршала Бирюзова, Moscow Shchukino District

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N 55.796111111111 ° E 37.478611111111 °
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Национальный исследовательский центр «Курчатовский институт»

улица Маршала Бирюзова
123060 Moscow, Shchukino District
Moscow, Russia
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nrcki.ru

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RIAN archive 500897 Control panel of the first Russian nuclear reactor
RIAN archive 500897 Control panel of the first Russian nuclear reactor
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Shchukinskaya
Shchukinskaya

Shchukinskaya (Russian: Щукинская) is a station on the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. Named after the village of Schukino before it was consumed by Moscow and became a municipality in the 1940s, it was opened on 30 December 1975. The design follows the original pillar-trispan (40 columns instead of 26). The pillars are faced with different shades of pinkish marble (from the Ukrainian deposit of Burovshchina) and punctuated by a vertical strip of anodized aluminum on each face. The walls are of corrugated, bronze-coloured aluminum, an alloy of extensive strength and flexibility, adorned with decorative panels. The floor is covered with polished grey granite. The architects were Nina Aleshina, N. Samoylova and M. Alekseev. During the construction of the extension tunnel Oktyabrskoe Pole – Shchukinskaya a new engineering method was developed. Because the Moscow soil was sandy, the metro tunnels had traditionally been built using the open pit method (i.e. digging from the surface) or by restricting building work from passing under inhabited areas as cave-ins would have been very likely. For the Shchukinskaya tunnel however circular concrete blocks were pressed rather than mounted into the soil, and as this was done rapidly the elements did not have time to develop into heavy pressure and sap into the tunnel. This removed the need for festering a sand-cement mixture into the finish, thereby dramatically increasing the potential speed of construction, and saving on building materials. Another achievement was that no metal was used for the mounting of the tunnel blocks, instead a bitumen mixture formed from the pressure of the boring complex was used to join the blocks. As this was denser than the soil, there was no need for festering of the cement. The entrances to the station are located near the intersection of Shchukinskaya Ulitsa and Ulitsa Marshala Vasilevskogo. The station handles 93500 people daily.