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Frederic Chopin Monument, Warsaw

1926 establishments in Poland1926 sculpturesBuildings and structures in WarsawMonuments and memorials in PolandMonuments and memorials in Warsaw
Monuments and memorials to Frédéric ChopinOutdoor sculptures in PolandSculptures in Poland
Pomnik Chopina w Warszawie
Pomnik Chopina w Warszawie

The Frederic Chopin Monument in Warsaw (Polish: Pomnik Fryderyka Chopina w Warszawie) is a large bronze statue of Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) that now stands in the upper part of Warsaw's Royal Baths Park (also known as Łazienki Park), adjacent to Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdów Avenue).

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article Frederic Chopin Monument, Warsaw (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors, Images).

Frederic Chopin Monument, Warsaw
Droga Belwederska, Warsaw Śródmieście (Warsaw)

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N 52.214722222222 ° E 21.028055555556 °
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Pomnik Chopina

Droga Belwederska
00-467 Warsaw, Śródmieście (Warsaw)
Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
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Pomnik Chopina w Warszawie
Pomnik Chopina w Warszawie
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Roman Dmowski Monument, Warsaw
Roman Dmowski Monument, Warsaw

The Roman Dmowski Monument in Warsaw (Polish: Pomnik Romana Dmowskiego w Warszawie) is a bronze statue, 5 meters (16 feet) tall, of Polish politician Roman Dmowski in Warsaw, on Na Rozdrożu Square at the intersection of Szuch and Ujazdów Avenues. It was unveiled on 10 November 2006. The statue holds a copy of the Treaty of Versailles and carries a quotation from Dmowski's book: "I am a Pole, so I have Polish duties..." ("Jestem Polakiem więc mam obowiązki polskie..."). The monument has been controversial.Its construction was the result of an initiative supported by politicians Maciej Giertych, Bogusław Kowalski, and Jędrzej Dmowski. The monument, sponsored by the Warsaw municipal council, cost the Polish government about 500,000 zlotys. The unveiling ceremony was attended by some 200 people, including politicians Maciej Giertych, Artur Zawisza, and Wojciech Wierzejski, and by Father Henryk Jankowski, who consecrated the monument.The monument's location, near the offices of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Szuch Avenue, relates to Dmowski's 1923 three-month tenure as Poland's minister of foreign affairs.Dmowski was the chief ideologue of Polish right-wing nationalism and has been called "the father of Polish nationalism." He is seen as a principal figure in the restoration of Polish independence after World War I, and was a signatory of the Treaty of Versailles.The monument has been called "one of the most controversial monuments in Warsaw" and has led to protests from organisations which see Dmowski as a fascist opponent of tolerance; conversely, it has been a rallying icon for Polish right-wing nationalists (narodowcy). Due to the controversies and protests, plans to raise statues or memorials to Dmowski elsewhere have generally been deferred. Prominent critics of the monument have included Marek Edelman, a leader of the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto uprising; literary critic and theoretician Professor Maria Janion; and historian and sociologist Alina Cała. Its notable defenders have included historian Jan Żaryn and historian and politician Tomasz Nałęcz, who have emphasized Dmowski's important role in restoring Poland's independence.

Polish People's Republic
Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous communist and Eastern Bloc country in Europe. Having a unitary Marxist–Leninist government, it was also one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was Warsaw, followed by the industrial city of Łódź and cultural city of Kraków. The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west. Between 1952 and 1989 Poland was ruled by a communist government established after the Red Army's takeover of Polish territory from German occupation in World War II. The state's official name was the "Republic of Poland" (Rzeczpospolita Polska) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the transitional Small Constitution of 1947. The name "People's Republic" was introduced and defined by the Constitution of 1952. Like other Eastern Bloc countries (East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania), Poland was regarded as a satellite state, with independence in internal affairs yet subordination to the USSR in international politics. The Polish United Workers' Party became the dominant political party in the Polish People's Republic, officially making it a socialist country. During this period Poland was a de facto one-party state but it had more liberal policies than other states in the Eastern Bloc. Since its inception, the Polish People's Republic was characterized by constant internal struggles for multi-party democracy as opposed to democratic centralism. Throughout its existence, economic hardships and social unrest were common in almost every decade. The nation was split between those who supported the party, those who were opposed to it and those who refused to engage in political activity. Despite this, some groundbreaking achievements were established during the tenure of the Polish People's Republic such as; improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, urbanization, access to universal health care, and higher education. The Polish People's Republic also implemented policies that virtually eliminated homelessness and established a job guarantee. As a result Poland's population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Some of the party's most remarkable accomplishments were the complete rebuilding of ruined Warsaw after World War II and creating a fully literate population.Although the Polish People's Republic maintained a standing army, it did host Soviet troops in its territory, as Poland was a Warsaw Pact signatory. The Soviet Union maintained a military presence in all signatories of the Warsaw Pact. The UB and succeeding SB were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as secret police, similar to the East German Stasi and Soviet KGB. The official police organization, which was also responsible for peacekeeping and suppression of protests. This force, called the Citizen's Militia, resulted in communist Poland having one of the lowest crime rates in the world.