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2006 J&S Cup

2006 WTA Tour2006 in Polish tennisMay 2006 sports events in EuropePolish sport stubsTennis competition stubs
Warsaw Open

The 2006 J&S Cup was a Tier II event on the 2006 WTA Tour that run from May 1–7, 2006. It was held in Warsaw, Poland, and was the 11th year that the event was staged. Kim Clijsters won her first Warsaw title and first overall of the year.

Excerpt from the Wikipedia article 2006 J&S Cup (License: CC BY-SA 3.0, Authors).

2006 J&S Cup
Łazienkowska, Warsaw Śródmieście (Warsaw)

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Latitude Longitude
N 52.219888888889 ° E 21.037861111111 °
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Legia

Łazienkowska
00-449 Warsaw, Śródmieście (Warsaw)
Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
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Żyleta
Żyleta

Żyleta (Polish pronunciation: [ʐɨˈlɛta], English: the Razor) is a common name of a northern stand at the Stadion Wojska Polskiego in Warsaw, Poland, traditionally occupied by the most spontaneous and fanatical fans of Legia Warsaw football club. Before the stadium renovation (2008–2011), the "old" Żyleta referred only to the center section within the eastern stand of the stadium (occasionally, it would also refer to eastern stand as a whole). There is a special exhibition dedicated to the "old" Żyleta in the Legia club museum. Today, after the stadium renovation, the "new" Żyleta means the whole northern stand of stadium (located behind the goal). The eastern stand of the stadium was constructed in the 1930s. Until the late 1970s, the stand was simply referred to as the "open" stand (in contrast to the "covered" western stand, which was fully roofed). The eastern stand was nicknamed "Żyleta" after the Polsilver razor billboard that was placed above its center section. The name has been in use since the late 1970s. The razor billboard was removed from the stadium by way of punishment imposed on Legia supporters, after the riots during the 1995 Polish Cup final. Throughout the years Żyleta became more than a section of the stadium, it has become a synonym of the devoted and affectionate support of the football team. Żyleta became famous for its spectacular visual displays, in particular card stunts, prepared by Legia supporters and presented during matches. The quality of support and of the visual displays was often said to be "unquestionably the best in Poland". Thanks to this high reputation, Żyleta is regarded by the football supporters as an "exclusive" section of the stadium. Only the fans who obey the unofficial code of conduct (the key point of which is the non-stop support during the entire football match) are "privileged" to take a seat at Żyleta. However, Żyleta has also attracted some negative attention. Especially during the mid-1990s, it had often been associated with football violence and fanaticism.

Polish People's Republic
Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous communist and Eastern Bloc country in Europe. Having a unitary Marxist–Leninist government, it was also one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was Warsaw, followed by the industrial city of Łódź and cultural city of Kraków. The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west. Between 1952 and 1989 Poland was ruled by a communist government established after the Red Army's takeover of Polish territory from German occupation in World War II. The state's official name was the "Republic of Poland" (Rzeczpospolita Polska) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the transitional Small Constitution of 1947. The name "People's Republic" was introduced and defined by the Constitution of 1952. Like other Eastern Bloc countries (East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania), Poland was regarded as a satellite state, with independence in internal affairs yet subordination to the USSR in international politics. The Polish United Workers' Party became the dominant political party in the Polish People's Republic, officially making it a socialist country. During this period Poland was a de facto one-party state but it had more liberal policies than other states in the Eastern Bloc. Since its inception, the Polish People's Republic was characterized by constant internal struggles for multi-party democracy as opposed to democratic centralism. Throughout its existence, economic hardships and social unrest were common in almost every decade. The nation was split between those who supported the party, those who were opposed to it and those who refused to engage in political activity. Despite this, some groundbreaking achievements were established during the tenure of the Polish People's Republic such as; improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, urbanization, access to universal health care, and higher education. The Polish People's Republic also implemented policies that virtually eliminated homelessness and established a job guarantee. As a result Poland's population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Some of the party's most remarkable accomplishments were the complete rebuilding of ruined Warsaw after World War II and creating a fully literate population.Although the Polish People's Republic maintained a standing army, it did host Soviet troops in its territory, as Poland was a Warsaw Pact signatory. The Soviet Union maintained a military presence in all signatories of the Warsaw Pact. The UB and succeeding SB were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as secret police, similar to the East German Stasi and Soviet KGB. The official police organization, which was also responsible for peacekeeping and suppression of protests. This force, called the Citizen's Militia, resulted in communist Poland having one of the lowest crime rates in the world.

Polish government-in-exile
Polish government-in-exile

The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (Polish: Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of September 1939, and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought to an end the Second Polish Republic. Despite the occupation of Poland by hostile powers, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland during World War II through the structures of the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) resistance. Abroad, under the authority of the government-in-exile, Polish military units that had escaped the occupation fought under their own commanders as part of Allied forces in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. After the war, as the Polish territory came under the control of the communist Polish People's Republic, the government-in-exile remained in existence, though largely unrecognised and without effective power. Only after the end of Communist rule in Poland did the government-in-exile formally pass on its responsibilities to the new government of the Third Polish Republic in December 1990. The government-in-exile was based in France during 1939 and 1940, first in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990.